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Huguenots- (French Protestants)- watched by French monarchs
as early as 1520 when protestant ideas arrived in France
Huguenot persecution became policy under Henry II and
Continued until Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) took throne in
1789
Catherine de Medicis- regent for Charles IX- sought allies among
protestants
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January Edict- granted Protestants Freedom to worship outside towns
and hold synods
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March 1562- Duke of Guise Family led a massacre on the
Huguenots
Huguenots and Protestant allies fought against Guise Faction.
Catherine of Medicis aligns with Guise family. Coligny leader of
Protestant faction
1572- St. Barholomew’s Day Massacre- plot against Coligny and
Huguenots. 3,000 Huguenots killed on this day. Next 3 days,
20,000 Huguenots executed.
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Led by Henry III May 1576
Grants complete religious and civil freedom to Huguenots
Henry III murdered and Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) rises to
Throne and converts to Catholicism
Proclaims a religious settlement called Edict of Nantes of April
13, 1598:
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Recognizes Huguenots Rights including freedom of worship, right to
assembly and series of other liberties
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Philip: Spain Annexed Portugal and gain access to Empires in
Africa, India, and Americas
Ruler of Habsburg Lands of Bohemia, Austria, and Hungry
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Philip II attempts but fails to Conquer Netherlands
Initial uprising is put down by the Duke of Alba and the Catholic
League
Resistance to Philip Led by William of Orange after 1577
Pacification of Ghent- 1576 Catholic and Protestants forces come
together against Spain.
1585- Elizabeth Commits forces to Netherlands
Twelve Years Truce 1609 - gave northern providence independence
Peace of Westphalia of 1648- formally recognizes Twelve Years Truce
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Mary I (Mary Tutor, Bloody Mary) attempts to restore Catholicism
Elizabeth I (Mary’s Half Sister) undoes Catholic Restoration; Passes
Act of Supremacy that asserts Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of
Religious and Secular Affairs
England Allies with France in 1571. English Pirates, Francis Drake
and John Hawkins, preying on Spanish Ships
Mary Stuart (Queen of Scotts)- Catholic, French royal and legitimate
heir to throne was executed by Elizabeth because of perceived threat
Execution of Mary Angers Spanish
Philip II orders Spanish Armada (Fleet of Ships) to prepare for War in
1588
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Spanish Armada is destroyed by English
Encourages European Protestants
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Bohemian Period- Calvinists Demands more freedom for Catholic
Habsburgs ruler Ferdinand. Protestant Nobility Responded by
throwing two of Ferdinand’s Regents out window called
defenestration of Prague
Danish Period- King Christian of Denmark attempts to bring
Protestantism to Germany and was forced to retreat by Maximilian.
In 1629 Ferdinand outlaws Calvinism by issuing Edict of Restitution
Swedish Period- Military tactics of King Gustavus Adlophus of
Sweden help protestants win battle of Breitenfield. The Swedish
refuse to join Peace of Prague Agreement:
Comprise between German Protestant States and Ferdinand
 Allows for Kings to Choose official religion
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Swedish French Period- involved French, Swedish, and Spanish
Soldiers wreaking havoc in Germany. Most destructive point of
the War. Religious issues become secondary to Political ones
Treaty of Westphalia of 1648:
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Stops Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution
 Recognizes Calvinists.
 Creates The independence of Swiss Confederacy and provinces of Holland
 German princes acknowledged as the supreme rulers over principalities.
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Treaty broaden legal status of Protestantism in the realm, but
perpetuated Germany’s internal division of political weakness.