Thursday, 1/10/13
• THIS DAY IN HISTORY
4
Radical Reformers
As the Reformation continued,
hundreds of new Protestant sects
sprang up. These sects often had
ideas that were even more radical
than those of Luther and Calvin.
One radical group, the
Anabaptists, rejected infant
baptism. (They argued that
infants are too young to
understand what it means to
accept the Christian faith.)
Reasons for REFORM
• Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish
private property.
•
Others wanted use violence to speed
up judgment day.
•
Most called for religious tolerance
and separation of Church and state.
• Despite harsh persecution, these groups
influenced Protestant thinking in many
countries. Today, the Baptists,
Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish all
trace their ancestry to the
Anabaptists.
Church of England: (The English
Reformation
• The Church of England, aka the Anglican
Church (or Episcopalian Church in the US)
was started because King Henry VIII wanted
to get a divorce from his wife Catherine of
Aragon. But the Catholic Church did not grant
divorces.
• Henry VIII created a new Church in 1534
based on the same doctrine as the Catholic
Church but that allowed divorces. He then
married Anne Boleyn.
• Henry’s oldest daughter under his marriage with
Catherine was named Mary. His daughter with Anne was
named Elizabeth.
• When Henry died, Mary was the rightful heir of the
English crown. She had remained Catholic and so when
she came into power, she tried to do away with the
newly created Church of England.
• Queen Mary I, who succeeded him, returned England
again to the authority of the Pope, thereby ending the
first attempt at an independent Church of England.
During Mary's reign, many leaders and common people
were burnt for their refusal to recant of their reformed
faith. These are known as the Marian martyrs and the
persecution has led to her nickname of "Bloody Mary".
• Mary also died childless and
so it was left to the new
regime of her half-sister
Elizabeth to resolve the
direction of the church.
• For years, Elizabeth had
survived court intrigues,
including the religious swings
under Edward (yes, Henry
did eventually have a son!)
and Mary. As queen,
Elizabeth had to determine
the future of the Church of
England. She slowly
enforced a series of reforms
that later were called the
Elizabethan settlement.
• The settlement under Elizabeth I (from 1558),
was known as the Elizabethan settlement. The
queen’s policies were a compromise, or
acceptable middle ground, between Protestant
and Catholic practices.
• The Church continued to thrive under Queen
Elizabeth and has remained, even today, as the
official church of the country of England.
4
England and the Church
In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope
to annul, or cancel, his marriage.
The pope refused Henry’s request.
Henry took the Church from the pope’s
control and created the Church of
England.
Protestant King Edward VI brought
Protestant reforms to England.
Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to
England. She had hundreds of English Protestants
burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between
Protestants and Catholics.
• English Reformation
Counter Reformation:
• The Counter Reformation is also known as
the Catholic Reformation. It was started
because Pope Paul III wanted to reform
the Catholic Church so that people would
quit leaving the Catholic Church and
becoming Protestant.
• The movement was started by a meeting
of Church officials in something called the
Council of Trent.
• Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral
authority of the Church and roll back the
Protestant tide. To accomplish these
goals, he:
– Called for The Council of Trent to establish
the direction that reform should take
– (1545) met off and on for almost 20 years
– Took steps to end abuses in the church
– Established schools to better educate clergy
to challenge Protestant teachings
Strengthened Inquisition
– Strengthened the Inquisition (what’s that?)
– A Church court set up during the Middle Ages
– Used secret testimony, torture, and execution
to root out heresy
– Prepared the Index of Forbidden Books (a list
of works considered too immoral or irreligious
for Catholics to read)
Jesuits
– Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits,
(Society of Jesus) to combat heresy and
spread the Catholic faith.
Many daring Jesuits disguised themselves
and ventured into Protestant lands to
minister to the spiritual needs of Catholics
Effects of the Protestant
Reformation
4
Immediate Effects
Peasants’ Revolt
Founding of Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican,
Presbyterian, and
other Protestant
churches
Weakening of Holy
Roman Empire
Luther calls for Jews
to be expelled from
Christian lands
Long-Term Effects
Religious wars in
Europe
Catholic
Reformation
Strengthening of
the Inquisition
Jewish migration
to Eastern Europe
Increased
antisemitism
4
Widespread Persecution
During this period of
heightened religious passion,
both Catholics and
Protestants fostered
intolerance.
Catholics killed Protestants
and Protestants killed
Catholics.
Between 1450 and 1750, tens of
thousands of people, mostly women,
died as victims of witch hunts.
In some places, Jews were forced to live in
ghettos, or separate quarters of the city.
In other places, they were expelled from
Christian lands and their books and
synagogues were burned.
Major European Religions
about 1600
4
4
Which English monarch had thousands of
Protestants burned at the stake?
a) Elizabeth
b) Mary
c) Henry VIII
d) Edward VI
Which of the following was not an effect of the
Protestant Reformation?
a) the Catholic Reformation
b) Increased anti-Semitism
c) religious wars in Europe
d) the invention of the printing press
4
Which English monarch had thousands of
Protestants burned at the stake?
a) Elizabeth
b) Mary
c) Henry VIII
d) Edward VI
Which of the following was not an effect of the
Protestant Reformation?
a) the Catholic Reformation
b) Increased anti-Semitism
c) religious wars in Europe
d) the invention of the printing press