Ancient Greece
from the Minoans to the
Macedonians
Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece
Table of Contents
Big Question – How did the geography of
Greece shape economic, social, and political
development and patterns of trade and
colonization?
Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating
Greece into small isolated regions. City-states
develop.
No central government!
Scarcity of level land for farming grains
caused rivalries between city-states.
Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for
growing crops such as grapes and
olives.
Many deep harbors and calm waters
invited sea trade.
Overseas trade and travel
made easy by many seas,
islands, and coastal settlements.
Lack of resources and farmland
+ overpopulation forced
Greeks to establish colonies.
Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece
Big Question – How did the geography of
Greece shape economic, social, and political
development and patterns of trade and
colonization?
Evolution of Greek Governments
Monarchy – earliest form of government in Greece; rule by a king
*Citizenship in the Greek Polis
•Who were “Citizens” in Greece?
Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy?
Hereditary rule and often claiming divine right
Aristocracy - rule by small group of noble, land-owning families
•Free adult males
•Only ones with political
rights and participation in
government.
What would be a drawback to an aristocracy?
•Who were not “Citizens” in
Greece?
Did not represent the masses. Very few had right to
participate in government.
•Women, foreigners and slaves
have no political rights
Oligarchy – rule by a few powerful people
Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power?
Rulers did not look out for good of the people.
Became self-serving; and people revolted.
Tyranny – rule by one who took over by force/through revolt
How and why did early tyrants often come to power?
Tyrants appealed to the poor & discontented promising
changes and reform.
Democracy –
rule by the people
How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today?
Athens had narrow definition of “citizenship”. However,
Athenian gov’t expected participation.
Table of Contents
Evolution of Greek Governments
Monarchy –
*Citizenship in the Greek Polis
Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy?
•Who were “Citizens” in Greece?
Aristocracy What would be a drawback to an aristocracy?
•Who were not “Citizens” in
Greece?
Oligarchy –
Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power?
Tyranny –
How and why did early tyrants often come to power?
Democracy –
Directions: Use pgs. 115-117 to
define each type of government
and answer the questions.
How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today?
Table of Contents
Introduction to Greek Life
Things to Know
An outdoor lifestyle – the mild
Mediterranean climate promoted an
outdoor civic & cultural life.
The Agora – open area gathering
place in the center of the polis;
center of social, economic and
political life.
Hellenic culture – Greeks
refer to themselves as
Hellenes; Greek culture =
Hellenic culture
Ancient Greece
The Acropolis – a fortified hilltop in the
center of many city-states. The most
famous is the Acropolis in Athens. The
most famous building on the Acropolis is
the Parthenon.
Four Bonds that United All Greeks
•Common language & literature – Homeric epic & others
•Religion – Greek mythology connected to all Greeks
•Olympic Games – united city-states in competition; 1st
held in 476 B.C.
•Fear of the Persians – Defense of homeland unites Greeks
Greek Polis = City-state - an
urban center and the countryside
surrounding it.
Ancient Greece consisted of
hundreds of independentlygoverned city-states
Greeks considered themselves
members of their polis, not of a
country.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Greek Life
Things to Know
An outdoor lifestyle – the mild
Mediterranean climate promoted an
_____________________________
_____________________________
The Agora – open area gathering
place in the center of the polis;
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Ancient Greece
The _____________________ – a
____________________________in the center of
many city-states. The most famous is the Acropolis
in Athens. The most famous building on the
Acropolis is the ___________________________
•_________________________________– Homeric epic &
Hellenic culture – Greeks
refer to themselves as
_________________;
Greek culture = __________
culture
Greek Polis = ________________
- an urban center (city) and the
land surrounding it.
Ancient Greece consisted of
hundreds of ___________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
___________________________________
others
•______________________– Greek mythology connected to all Greeks Greeks considered themselves
____________________________
•__________________________________– united city-states
____________________________
in competition; 1st held in 476 B.C.
____________________________
•__________________________– Defense of homeland unites Greeks ____________________________
Persian Empire under Darius
Back to Greece
Athens vs. Sparta
Table of Contents
5.2 Wkbk
Two city-states with very different views
Athens
Type of
Government
Democracy
Assembly = All citizens; Assembly
Government
participation passed laws + served as supreme
court
Council of 500 – randomly chosen
- proposed laws
Boys – school from age 7-18
Education
•Studied literature, math, drawing,
and military
music, & rhetoric
duty
•At 18 – served 2 years in military
•Strongest Greek navy
Position of
women
Girls – no formal ed.
•Learned household duties: weaving,
baking, child care
•No gov’t participation!
Sparta
Oligarchy
Council of Elders – proposed laws
Assembly – elected officials, voted on
issues
Ephors – carried out laws; courts
2 kings – commanded military
Life revolved around military!
•Boys – Age 7, went to military
barracks; learned to read, write & use
weapons. Soldiers from 20-60
•Strongest Greek army
Expected to be healthy & strong =
healthy babies
•Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling
•More personal rights than other
women
•Still, no gov’t participation
Athens vs. Sparta
Two city-states with very different views
Type of
Government
Athens
Council of Elders – proposed laws
Assembly – elected officials, voted on
issues
Ephors – carried out laws; courts
2 kings – commanded military
Government
participation
Education
and military
duty
Position of
women
Sparta
Boys – school from age 7-18
•Studied literature, math, drawing,
music, & rhetoric
•At 18 – served 2 years in military
•Strongest Greek navy
Expected to be healthy & strong =
healthy babies
•Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling
•More personal rights than other
women
•Still, no gov’t participation
Back to Athens vs. Sparta
Warring City-States - 5.2
1. How did Sparta treat the Messenians?
5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of
the poor?
Made them Helots, peasants
Gave funds to peasants to buy
forced to stay on the land they
farm equipment; created jobs by
worked and turn over half
launching building programs
their crop
2. What was the primary cause of conflict
between rich and poor in Athens?
Struggle over political power
3. What type of society did Sparta create
in response to the revolt?
Strong, highly disciplined
military state
4. What economic and political reforms did
Solon initiate?
Outlawed debt slavery, gave more
power to the Assembly, allowed all
citizens to bring legal suits,
encouraged overseas trade.
6.
What steps did Cleisthenes take to
create a limited democracy in Athens?
Reorganized law-making assembly,
allowed all citizens to introduce laws,
created Council of Five Hundred
chosen by lot to counsel assembly.
7.
What advantages did the Greek
soldiers have over the Persians?
Discipline, training, heavy armor,
and the phalanx formation
8.
What were the consequences of the
Persian Wars?
End of Persian threat and emergence
of Golden Age of Athens
The Persian Wars
Table of Contents
Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire
490 – 479 B.C.
1st Persian War
•Begins with Ionian Revolt
•Battle of Marathon
Persian War organizer
2nd Persian War
•Battle of Thermopylae
•Battle of Salamis
•Battle of Plataea
Major Events of the Persian Wars
Back to Persian Wars
Back to Persian Wars
Ionian Revolt
Persia
Ionia
•546 B.C. – ______________
conquers Greek settlements of _____________.
Ionians revolt
•499 B.C. – _________________________
against Persian rule.
Athens
•_____________
sends troops to help Ionians fight Persians. Athenians destroy Persian town.
King Darius
•Persia’s _______________________________
sends troops to put down the revolt.
•After 5 years, Persia suppresses the revolt. Persia back in control.
attack mainland Greece
•Darius decides to _____________________________________________
to punish Athens.
Ionia
1st Persian War
Battle of Marathon
Back to Persian Wars
Aegean Sea
•490 B.C. – Darius sent his fleet across ______________________________
to attack Athens.
Marathon
•Persian landed on the beaches of ________________________;
Athenians attacked them there.
Greeks
•________________________
attacked while the Persians were preparing to board their ships.
Persians
•____________________
were defeated and sailed home rather than attack Athens directly.
2nd Persian War
Back to Persian Wars
Battle of Thermopylae
10 years
•________________
after Marathon, Darius’ son Xerxes invades Greece from the north
___________.
300 Spartans
•_____________________________
and other Greeks decide to fight Persians at Thermopylae.
mountains
sea in northern Greece.
•Thermopylae = narrow strip of land between ________________
and _____
Spartans
•________________
hold back massive Persian army long enough for other Greeks to escape.
they become heroes
•Persians surround Spartans and all 300 Spartans are killed; _____________________________.
17
2nd Persian War
Back to Persian Wars
Battle of Salamis
•______________________
and troops destroyed Athens.
Xerxes
Strait of Salamis
•Athenians led Persian fleet into narrow ______________________________________
•Persia’s _______________________________
crowded together in the narrow strait.
larger heavier ships
destroying most of the Persian fleet.
•Greece’s lighter faster ships rammed Persian ships, _____________
Xerxes
retreat for home
•____________________
and most of the Persian army ______________________________.
•Xerxes ________________________________________
to continue the fight.
leaves one army
End of Persian Wars
Back to Persian Wars
Battle of Plataea
•Spring of 479 B.C. – _______________________________
continued their assault
Persian army
40,000 Greeks
Plataea
•_________________________,
led by the Spartans, met the Persians at ________________.
•The _________________________________
the Persian army, the Persian Wars were over.
Greeks destroyed
Results of the Persian Wars
•Athens and Sparta united to defeat Persians.
•Greeks retain control of Aegean Sea.
•Athens leads Greece into Golden Age.
•Athens forms Delian League; alliance of 140 city-states.
•Delian League drives Persians out of bordering areas.
•Athens establishes an “Aegean Empire”.
Major Events of the Persian Wars
Ionian Revolt
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle of Marathon
Battle of Plataea
Battle of Salamis
Directions: From pgs. 118 – 119; write a headline and a 1-2 sentence summary for each of
the events listed above. Also, write a date for each event in the boxes on the timeline.
Back to Persian Wars
The Golden Age of Greece
also known as the Age of Pericles
To you who are the
sons and brothers
of the departed, I
see that the
struggle to emulate
them will be an
arduous one.
Pericles
-Pericles
Funeral Oration
Table of Contents
I.
II.
Greece’s Golden Age (480 – 430 B.C.)
For 50 years, Athens experienced significant intellectual and
artistic learning.
III. Legacies of this time continue to inspire and instruct today.
A. Pericles leads Athens through Golden Age
1. Pericles was a skillful politician and respected general
2. 461-429 B.C. often called Age of Pericles
B. Pericles had 3 goals for Athens
1. Strengthen the democracy
a. Increased # of paid public officials – more poor could serve
b. Introduced direct democracy – citizens rule directly, not
through reps.
2. Strengthen Athenian Empire
a. Pericles used Delian League money to build navy of 200 ships
b. Increased safety and secured overseas trade routes
Pericles goals continued
3. Glorify Athens
a. Pericles used Delian League money to beautify Athens
b. 15 year project to build Parthenon = temple to Athena
C. Greek Styles in Art and Architecture
1. Artists and sculptors create idealized human form
a. Figures were strong, graceful and perfectly formed
2. Greek buildings were classified by their columns – 3 types
a. Doric – no base and a plain round capital (top part) – Parthenon
b. Ionic – rounded base and a scroll shaped capital
c. Corinthian – most elaborate, rounded base with capitals
intricately carved with leaf patterns.
D. Greek Drama
1. Greeks invented drama and built first theaters in the west.
2. Stories involved leadership, justice, and duties to the gods.
3. 2 Kinds of drama – tragedy and comedy
a. Tragedy – themes such as love, hate, war, betrayal
- featured tragic hero whose flaw was downfall
b. Comedy – slapstick situations and crude humor
- many comedies were satires – poked fun at a subject
- Playwrights made fun of fashion, politics, respected people or
ideas
- This showed an openness of public discussion in Athens.
E. Greek Philosophers Search for the Truth
1. Philosophers, meaning “lovers of wisdom”, based philosophy on 2
assumptions.
a. The universe is put together in an orderly way, subject to absolute
and unchanging laws.
b. People can understand these laws through logic and reason.
2. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle = leading Greek philosophers
a. Their ideas laid foundations for western thought & education.
The Peloponnesian War
Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League
Delian League
Peloponnesian League
Table of Contents
Notes
Athens uses protected port to hold out against Sparta
Back
Peloponnesian Wars - Notes
Back to Peloponnesian Wars
Athens holds out against Sparta
Athen and Sparta go to War – Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.)
A. Athens formed the Delian League
1. Alliance between Athens and other city-states
2. Athens required large tributes & loyalty from members
3. Many city-states turned to Sparta for protection
B. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
1. Alliance between Sparta and other city-states
2. Sparta & Pel. League declare war on Athens
C. The Peloponnesian War (Delian League vs. Pelo. League)
1. Lasted 27 years
2. Athens stricken/weakened by a great plague
3. Sparta eventually defeats Athens
4. Sparta wins Peloponnesian War!
D. Greece enters period of instability and weakness
1. Leaves them open to attack
2. Macedonia (land to the north) conquers Greek city-states
Macedonian Conquest of Greece and the
Rise of Alexander the Great
Table of Contents
The Hellenistic Age
Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria Egypt
Table of Contents
Euclid
Hellenistic mathematician
Wrote Elements – basis of modern geometry
Elements
Archimedes
Law of the Lever
Compound Pulley
Greek Mythology
Essential Understanding:
Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient.
Essential Question:
How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Essential Understanding:
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek
mythology.
Essential Question:
What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the modern world?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Greek Mythology
Essential Understanding:
Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was
central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient.
Essential Question:
How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the
natural world and the human condition?
Greek Mythology = polytheistic religion
- Explained mysteries of nature and human life
-Gods directly involved in human life
-Gods displayed human qualities/characteristics
-Gods believed to have lived on Mount Olympus
Table of Contents
Greek Mythology continued
Essential Understanding:
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and
idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology.
Essential Question:
What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and
the modern world?
Greek Mythology
- Major deities = Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Hades
- Romans adopt Greeks gods but change names
- Things we see and say everyday come from Greek mythology.
Table of Contents
The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus.
There were, at various times, fourteen different gods recognized as Olympians, though never more than twelve at one time.
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered Olympians.
Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are the variable gods among the Twelve. Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to
Dionysus in order to live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of tending the fire on Mount Olympus).
Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for
the other six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods,
his home in the underworld of the dead made his connection to the Olympians more tenuous. The Olympians gained their
supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter,
Hestia, and Hades were siblings; all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually considered the
children of Zeus by various mothers, except for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone. Additionally,
some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena.
Zeus
Hera
Zeus’ wife and sister
Poseidon
God of the Sea
Hades and Persephone
Athena
Goddess of Wisdom, Peace and
Defensive war.
Aphrodite
Goddess of Beauty and
Erotic Love
Apollo
God of the Sun, Music, and Poetry
Hermes
The Messenger God
Prometheus
He was a champion of human-kind known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire
from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having
him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it
grow back to be eaten again the next day.
The Agora in Athens
The heartbeat of the Greek polis
Back to Ancient
Greece
The Acropolis in Athens
Back to Ancient
Greece
Back to Ancient
Greece
Greek City-States
Back to Ancient
Greece
Grapes
Olives
Back to Geography
Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas
Back to Geography
The Olympic Games – built rivalries and competition among Greeks
Next Olympic slide
Back to Ancient
Greece
Back to Ancien
Greece
Greek Geography and Mythology
POP Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What percentage of land is covered by mountains in Greece? 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%
True or False – Greece had a strong central government.
Greece had little land for growing _____________________.
List Greece two main crops. _________________ and ____________________
List one characteristic of the waters surrounding Greece that invited sea trade. _____________________
Greece established _____________________ to provide resources and space for a growing population.
Was Greek mythology monotheistic or polytheistic? _____________________________
Where was the home of the Greek deities? ___________________________
Which group adopted Greek mythology but changed names?
Give an example of Greek mythology in today’s world. _______________________________________
56
Athens vs. Sparta
Table of Contents
5.2 Wkbk
Two city-states with very different views
Athens
Type of
Government
Government
participation
Education
and military
duty
Position of
women
Democracy
Sparta
Oligarchy