Joints
Anatomy and Physiology
Synovial Joint Structure
Feature
Ligament
Synovial Fluid
Articular Cartilage
Joint Capsule
Structure
Function
p20
Feature
Structure
Function
Ligament
Band of fibrous tissue
Connect bone to bone
Synovial Fluid
Slippery fluid – egg-white
consistency; in joint
capsule
Reduce friction between
articular surfaces in joint
Articular Cartilage
Glass-smooth cartilage;
spongy and covers ends
of bones in joint
Absorb shock and
prevents friction between
ends of bones
Joint Capsule
Tough fibrous tissue – 2
layers with fibrous
capsule lying outside the
synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule helps to
strengthen the joint,
synovial membrane lines
the joint and secretes
synovial fluid
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of
articular
cartilage.
Bones can then
grow causing
bones to rub.
“So why are we trying to
encourage the next
generation to take part in
sport if it’s so bad for us?”
WHY DO IT?
Development of knowledge Page 39
of books
Using your understanding of osteoarthritis complete
the table on benefits of physical activity as well as
the negative elements that may be involved in
participation in physical activity linked to
osteoarthritis.
Positive of Physical
activity
Negative of physical
activity.
Stability and alignment
 Increase in ligament strength increases stability.
 Increase in exercise will increase surrounding muscle tone.
Movement patterns
Booklet task
TYPES OF
SYNOVIAL
JOINT
(Freely Movable)
Joints and movements.
 Each pair has a joint that they
need to describe.
 Actions that take place at the joint
 Type of joint/ name of the joint
 Sporting example relating to
movement.
 Bones that are articulating
(moving)
Rotation
Pivot joint
Turning your
head when
swimming front
crawl.
Atlas and Axis
Pairs
 Wrist
 Elbow
 Shoulder
 Spine
 Hip
 Knee
 Ankle
 I’ll allocate one and then you pick another.
 Put them on your paper and then place them on the board.
 Make sure we can read it.
Movement patterns
 Movements have a start &
finish point – identify these
to help you analyse the
movement occurring in a
picture.
FLEXION





EXTENSION




CIRCUMDUCTION


When a limb bends.
The angle at the joint gets
smaller.
To FLEX biceps, you BEND your
arm!
Biceps are therefore FLEXORS,
as they bend the arm.
Hamstrings are FLEXORS.
When a joint or limb is
straightened.
The triceps straighten the arm.
The quadriceps straighten the
leg.
They are EXTENSORS.
When one end of the bone or limb
stays in place, and they other
moves in a circle.
Circling action as in bowling.
ROTATION



ADDUCTION



ABDUCTION



Turning head side to side is
rotation (top 2 vertebrae).
Whole body can rotate about an
imaginary axis (line) – during spin
or somersault.
Wrist rotates due to pivot joint at
elbow (screwdriver action).
Limbs move towards the centre
line of the body.
Both legs and arms do this during
the narrowing phase of a star
jump.
You ADD together (bring limbs
together)
Movement of limbs away from the
centre line of the body.
You ABDUCT someone away from
somewhere.
The outward phase of a star jump.
PRONATION


The inward (medial) roll of the foot
and in particular the heel and arch
which occurs naturally at the heel
strike as a cushioning mechanism.
motion of rotating towards the
prone position
SUPINATION



The feet don't roll inward enough
‘Sole UP’!
S..UP..ination
To turn or rotate so the palm is
facing up.
HORIZONTAL /
SHOULDER
FLEXION

Moving arm forwards in horizontal
plane
HORIZONTAL /
SHOULDER
EXTENSION

PLANTARFLEXION

DORSI-FLEXION



Returning arm to the abducted
position
Lateral movement away from the
midline of the body in a horizontal
plane
Hyperextending the ankle joint so
toes point downwards
is the movement which increases
the approximate 90 degree angle
between the front part of the foot
and the shin
Bending ankle so that the toes are
raised
LATERAL
FLEXION

Bending body sideways (frontal
plane)
LATERAL
EXTENSION

Returning body to anatomical
position
PROTRACTION
•
Moving the scapula away from the
spinal column

Scapula moves towards the spinal
column
Depression

Movement of shoulder girdle
from an elevated position to the
anatomical position (inferior
movement)
Elevation

Superior movement of the
shoulder girdle
Anatomical terminology
 Anterior or ventral:
 Toward the front of the body
 Posterior or dorsal:
 Toward the back of the body
Anatomical terminology
 A part above another part
 Superior:
Inferior:
Medial:
 A part below another part
 Toward the midline (median
plane) of the body
Lateral:
 Away from the midline of the
body; toward the sides
Superficial
 Near the surface
Deep
 Below the surface
10 mark Question
Critically evaluate the impact of
physical activity and participation
in lifelong physical activity on
bones and joints.
Plan for essay
 Look at all the points possible.
 Note the key points
 Make reference to physical activity as this is the subject
qualifier.
 Note the command word (evaluate) depth or both sides.
White boards plan as a group.
Homework
Completion of the booklet up to muscle pairings.