Chapter 13 Answers
Review Questions
1.
2.
a. The region where two or more bones meet.
b. Size and shape of bones
Ligaments (join bone to bone)
Tendons (join muscle to bone)
Muscles
Injuries
Disease
Age
Cartilage
Exercise/fitness
a. Fibrous – bones are fused together, no
movement.
b. Cartilaginous – bones separated by cartilage,
some movement.
c. Synovial- bones separated by synovial
tissues, freely movable.
3.
a. Flexion
b. Extension
c. Rotation
d. (circumduction)
e. Abduction
f. Adduction
4.
Type
Ball and
socket
Movement
ab, ad, rot,
circ
Examples
Shoulder
Hip
Hinge
Fl, ex
Elbow
Knee
Picture
Pivot
rot
Atlas/axis
Radius/ulna
Gliding
Fl, ex, ab, ad
Scapula/ribs
Sternum/clavicle
Carpals
Tarsals
Saddle
Fl, ex, rot
Thumb
5. Synovial Joint







Bones
Ligament
Synovial Capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Bursae
 Meniscus
6.
a. Fibrous synovial capsule, accessory ligaments
b. Hold the joint together (see diagram).
Connective tissue.
Apply Your Knowledge
3.
femur – articulate with tibia
tibia – articulate with femur
patella – provide surface area for muscle
attachment.
accessory ligaments – hold bones together
cruciate ligament – hold bones together
articular cartilage – help reduce friction
meniscus – divide the synovial cavity
synovial capsule – hold the synovial membranes and
fluid around the joint.
synovial membrane – produce synovial fluid.
Bursae – lubricate joint.
4. Reduces friction and absorbs shock. Without it,
joints would not function. Bone would wear away.
Articular cartilage is not ‘slippery’ enough. Also
provides nourishment to articular cartilage.
5.





Muscles & tendons
Accessory ligaments
Cruciate ligaments (knee only)
Synovial capsule
Synovial membrane (lesser extent)