Nationalism and Sectionalism
Chapter 7
“How did nationalism and sectionalism
affect the United States from the early
1800s to the mid-1800s?”
Standards
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SSUHS 7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its
regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the
different responses to it.
a.
Explain the impact the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s
invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for
muskets.
b.
Describe the westward growth of the United States including the
emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.
c.
Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism,
and public school.
d.
Explain women’s efforts to gain the suffrage, including Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference.
e.
Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding the suffrage, the rise of
popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.
Industry and Transportation
Section 1
• How did transportation developments and
industrialization affect the nation’s economy?
• Vocabulary:
turnpike
National Road
Erie Canal
Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
Francis Cabot Lowell
Lowell girl
interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney
Samuel F.B. Morse
Industry and Transportation
The Transportation Revolution
Main Idea: During the nineteenth century, efforts to improve overland
transportation began through the United States. Most notable was the
development of the railroads and steam-powered ships.
Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
Main Idea: Developments in technology transformed manufacturing.
This transformation came to be known as the Industrial Revolution,
which transformed the nation’s economy, culture, social life, and
politics.
Inventions Transform Industry and Agriculture
Main Idea: The revolutions in transportation and industry were
paralleled in the early 1800s by a number of key innovations. These
innovations advanced the dramatic changes taking place in the
American economy and society.
Era of Good Feelings - (1817-1824)
• James Monroe President
• After War of 1812
– Feeling of Nationalism came to USA that had
been missing since after the Revolution
• Good Feelings
– Nationalism
– Incredible Growth
– 1816 - 2nd Bank of the U.S. helped growth
– Henry Clay’s American System
» Protective tariff, national bank, federal aid for
roads, bridges, and canals
– Political parties faded
• Three Political Giants
– John C. Calhoun - SC, farmer, yale, intensity
– Daniel Webster - MA, Lawyer, well-respected
– Henry Clay - The Great Compromiser, KY
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects
Transportation in Early 1800s
Transportation
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Roads: Wilderness Road, Daniel Boone
Corduroy roads
Plank roads
National Road, Maryland to
the Ohio River
• Turnpikes
Transportation
• Robert Fulton
• First successful
steam powered boat
Clermont steamed
upriver, against the
current
Transportation
• Canals: Erie Canal; completed in 1825 to join the Hudson River in
New York state to Lake Erie
• 3,300 miles of canals, mostly in the Northeast
by 1840
• Provided transportation
that linked farms to cities
• Resulted in the growth of
New York City; population
grew to 800,000 by 1860
TRANSPARENCY
Canals Improve Transportation
Transportation
• Railroads were cheaper to build, could climb hills, moved
faster, and could carry more weight
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
• By 1860, 31,000 miles of track
• Trains ended canal building
Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
• Industrial Revolution: shift from manual labor to
mechanized work that began in Great Britain
during the 1700s and spread to the U.S. around
1800
Inventions
• Samuel Slater came to
America from Britain
with knowledge
• Samuel Slater: first
water-powered textile
mill; opened first mill
in Pawtucket, RI in
1793; used family
system for employees
• First successful
textile mill in the U.S.
Industries of Northeast
• Francis Cabot Lowell
built the first totally
centralized textile mill in
Waltham, Massachusetts
in 1813
• Hired young unmarried
women, known as
“Lowell girls,” because
they would work for half
the pay that men
demanded
Changes in Lives
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Machines increased pace of work
Divided work into small tasks
Reduced the need for skilled labor
Some jobs like sewing garments and shoes were
still performed in the home
Inventions
• Eli Whitney; factory to
manufacture muskets
• More efficient
production of products
• Interchangeable parts
• Cotton Gin
• Kept the South a land of
slavery and farming
Telegraph
• Samuel F.B. Morse:
electric telegraph
sent coded signals
along a metal wire
• By 1860 nation had
50,000 miles of
telegraph lines
Communication
• Postal service: 8,450 post offices by 1830
• Delivered mail as well as newspapers,
magazines, and books
Agriculture
• Agriculture remained the largest industry in the
United States
• Farmers adopted better methods
for planting and harvesting crops
• Improved methods for raising
livestock
• By 1840, the steel plow invented
by John Deere and the mechanical
reaper developed by Cyrus
McCormick improved farming
Farm Work
Farm Inventions
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Sectional Differences
Section 2
• How did the North and South differ
during the first half of the 1800s?
• Vocabulary:
Tariff of 1816
capital
labor union
nativist
cotton gin
Sectional Differences
The North Embraces Industry
Main Idea: The tariff Congress placed on imported goods helped industry
to flourish, particularly in the Northeast, where there were many factories
and laborers to keep them running.
Industrial Workers
Main Idea: The arrival of industry changed the way many Americans
worked by reducing the skill required for many jobs. This trend hurt
highly skilled artisans, who could not compete with manufacturers
working with many low-cost laborers.
Southern Agricultural Economy and Society
Main Idea: During the 1780s, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and
George Washington hoped that slavery would gradually fade away.
However, with the emergence of cotton as the South’s leading crop,
slavery persisted.
Vocabulary
• Free enterprise system: an economic system in which
companies compete for profits; also called capitalism
• Capital: wealth that can be invested to produce goods
and make money
• Bank note: a piece of paper that banks issued to their
customers; similar to checks
• The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith; the principle of
supply and demand rather than government regulation
should guide business decisions
SECTION
4
The Market Revolution
The Market Revolution
U.S. Markets Expand
• Market revolution—people buy and sell goods
rather than make them
• In 1840s economy grows more than in previous
40 years
• Free enterprise—private businesses free to
operate for profit
• Entrepreneurs invest own money in new
industries
Continued . . .
NEXT
Industrialization Spreads in the
North
• Embargo of 1807 and War of 1812 cut off access
to British goods
• Americans built factories in Northeast
• Tariff of 1816: tax on imports to protect American
manufacturers
• Why did manufacturing grow in the North
-Access to capital (money)
-Cheap labor
-Many swiftly flowing rivers to provide water
power
Social Change in the North
• Workers organize by forming labor unions;
groups of workers who unite for better pay and
conditions
• Workingmen’s Party
• Unions use the strike to try to achieve goals
• Middle class emerges – bankers, lawyers,
accountants, etc.
• Emigration from Ireland and Germany in the
1840s due to political upheavals, depressions,
and famines; many were Catholic or Jewish
Labor Disputes
• Long hours and low wages
• Owners grow rich; workers will demand more from
their bosses
• Main complains are long hours and low wages
• Strike: work stoppage
• Labor union: organization of workers formed to
protect the interests of its members; National Trades
Union (NTU): formed to protect interests of workers;
unions soon died out, but showed workers would take
action against employers
• By 1840s, North is a mixed economy of industry and
agriculture
SECTION
4
Workers Seek Better Conditions
Workers Strike
• 1830s, 1840s U.S. workers go on strike—
work stoppage over job issues
• Employers defeat strikes, replace workers with
immigrants
Immigration Increases
• Immigration—moving to a new country—
of 3 million people (1830–1860)
National Trades’ Union
• 1830s, trade unions in different towns join to
expand their power
• Groups from several industries form National
Trades’ Union (1834)
• Commonwealth v. Hunt: MA Supreme Court
supports right to strike
NEXT
Rise of Banking
• Banks made money by charging interest for the
loans it made; banks used the money that
customers deposited.
• No insurance on deposits
• Many banks made bad loans that could not be
repaid
• Bank notes, paper issued to customers, were
unpredictable since the value fluctuated
Growth of Cities
• By 1840 12% of the population lived in cities in
the North
• Tenements: crowded apartments with poor
standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort
• Cities were unable to handle the rapid
increases in their populations; no sewage
systems, or reliable water
• Thousands killed or sickened by cholera in
1832 and 1833
Urban Growth
• Cities: developed slowly
• New Orleans, Charleston, Richmond; smaller
populations than Northern cities
• Poor housing and sanitation
• Large numbers of free African Americans in
cities; by 1850 12% of African Americans were
free
TRANSPARENCY
Industrialization in the Northeast
Geography of the South
• Rural: Pertaining to the countryside
• 200 to 290 frost-free days made farming
profitable
• Fertile soil and plentiful rain
• Few factories in the South
• Many farmers moved to trans-Appalachia
• Small farmers often bought out by large
plantation owners
“King Cotton”
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Three developments increased
cotton production:
-cotton gin
-western expansion
-industrialization
“In the early 1800s cotton
farming became the South’s
main economic activity. This
boosted the slave trade,
triggering slave revolts in 1822
and 1831.”
1850 crop over 1 billion pounds
1860 cotton made up 2/3 of value
of American exports
Created enormous wealth in the
South
TRANSPARENCY
Life on a Plantation
CHART
Cotton Production and Slavery, 1800-1860
Slavery System
• By 1804, all northern states had either banned slavery
or passed laws to end it gradually
• 1808, Congress banned importation of slaves
• Slave trade in the South increased due to population
growth of slaves
• Slave population 3.2 million by 1850; 4 million in 1860;
typical worth was $1,800
• Increase due to high birth rate
• South became too dependent on one crop with the
population dispersed; few immigrants; population in
the North increased
Slavery on Farms
• Small farms: more
contact with whites
• Large plantations: large
slave communities
• Harsher conditions
• Women’s roles were
difficult due to child
care, housework, and
laboring in the fields;
some women endured
physical or sexual abuse
by owners
Slaves as Property
• Prices for slaves rose
in the 1830s
• Price rose from $500.
in 1832 to $1,300 in
1837
• Little regard for
keeping families
together
Slave Revolts
• Vesey’s Plan: Denmark Vesey, a free slave,
planned a slave revolt; he planned to seize
Charleston in 1822, kill all whites, and burn the
city
• Betrayed by followers; Vesey was hanged along
with 34 others
Turner’s Rebellion
• 1831 Turner led
slaves in raids, killing
57 white people
• Hanged along with
other slaves
• Riot by whites
resulted in 100 slaves
being killed
Alarm
• White southerner’s nightmare since slaves
often outnumbered the whites
• Tightened restrictions on slaves
-prevented the teaching of reading
-stopped slaves from moving freely or meeting to
stop communication
Economic Consequences
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Dependent on one crop
Small urban population
Little industrialization
Few immigrants
North increased political power in the House of
Representatives
• Limited consumer demand because slaves had
no money
Cultural Consequences
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Dispersed population
No education for slaves and little for poor whites
Hope of farmers to gain plantations
Fear of revenge of freed slaves
Sense of superiority of Southern whites
Defense of slavery as a good institution, better
than the industrial life of the North
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast
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An Era of Nationalism
Section 3
• How did domestic and foreign policies reflect
the nationalism of the times?
• Vocabulary:
nationalism
Henry Clay
American System
John Quincy Adams
Adams-Onís Treaty
Monroe Doctrine
Missouri Compromise
An Era of Nationalism
Nationalism Shapes Domestic Policies
Main Idea: In 1817, people in all parts of the country seemed united in
purpose. A spirit of nationalism—a glorification and promotion of the
nation—swept the country.
Nationalism Influences Foreign Affairs
Main Idea: Nationalism affected more than domestic policy. It also
influenced the nation’s foreign policy. A key figure in this development
was John Quincy Adams, James Monroe’s Secretary of State and son of
former President John Adams.
The Nation Compromises Over Slavery
Main Idea: Missouri’s admission to the union as a new state posed the
potential to offset the balance of free and slave states. Henry Clay crafted
the Missouri Compromise in an attempt to re-establish balance.
Nationalism
• People began to
think of themselves
as Americans
• Leaders sought to
exercise the powers
of the federal
government to unite
the country
Nationalist Economic Policies
• Henry Clay –
American System:
wanted federal
government to build
roads and canals to
Midwest
• Wanted to reestablish
national bank to
control money supply
and banking
• 1816 second Bank of
the U.S. established
Supreme Court Cases
• McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland tried to wipe
out the National Bank by levying heavy taxes
on it; Marshall ruled that Congress had
authority to charter the national bank
• Powers of the federal government greater than
those spelled out in Constitution
• Used Article I, Section 8 that states that
Congress has the right “to make all laws
necessary and proper” for carrying out the
powers granted it under the Constitution; no
tax on bank; states cannot tax institutions
created by the federal government
Supreme Court Cases
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: New
Hampshire could not change charter of the
college; protected business contracts and
helped the economy by providing stability
• Gibbons v. Ogden: Ogden sued Gibbons, who
had a federal license to operate a steamboat
line between New York and New Jersey;
Marshall declared that states could not
regulate commerce on interstate waterways,
giving the federal government authority over
all types of interstate business
Economic Panics
• “Boom-and-bust” cycle of business
• Between 1815 and 1860, there were three panics:
1819, 1837, and 1857
DIAGRAM
Cycles of Boom and Bust
American Art and Literature
• American Renaissance – reflected the
nationalistic spirit
• James Fenimore Cooper – The Leatherstocking
Tales
• The Hudson River School – landscape paintings
Expanding the United States
• General Andrew Jackson entered Florida to fight
the Seminoles, who were raiding Georgia and
protecting run-away slaves, seizing Spanish forts
• Adams-Onís Treaty 1819 – Americans gained
Florida
Nationalism Abroad
• Rush-Bagot
Agreement eased
tension with Britain
by reducing the
number of warships
on the Great Lakes
• Later extended the
northern border of
the U.S. along the 49°
N latitude to the
Rocky Mountains
Nationalism
• Monroe Doctrine:
• 1. U. S. not involved with European affairs
• 2. U. S. recognized colonies in Western
Hemisphere and would not interfere
• 3. U.S. would not permit any further
colonization of the Western Hemisphere
• 4. Any attempt by a European power to control
any nation in the Western Hemisphere would
be seen as a hostile action
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
SECTION
2
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
Clay’s American System
• Henry Clay promotes Madison’s economic plan as
“American System”:
- establishes tariff, recharters national bank
- sponsors development of transportation systems to
make travel easier
• John C. Calhoun gets Southern support for plan
The Missouri Compromise
Map
• Missouri Compromise admits Missouri as slave
state, Maine as free
• Divides Louisiana Territory: slavery legal in south,
not in north
NEXT
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri sought admission as a state
• Controversy over slavery; 1820
Provisions of Compromise:
• 1. Missouri admitted as a slave state;
Maine
would be admitted as a free state
• 2. As U.S. expanded westward, states north of
36o30’ would be free
Democracy and the Age of Jackson
Section 4
• What changes did Andrew Jackson
represent in American political life?
• Terms and People:
causus
spoils system
Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act
Martin Van Buren Trail of Tears
Jacksonian Democracy
Democracy and the Age of Jackson
The Election of 1824
Main Idea: The election of 1824 resulted in the House of Representatives having
to decide the outcome. John Quincy Adams became President and received
criticism for his aggressive program of federal spending.
Jackson Emerges
Main Idea: In his speeches and writings, Jackson celebrated majority rule and the
dignity of the common people. He projected himself as a down-to-earth common
man, which contrasted with the image of the aristocratic leaders of the past.
Native American Revival
Main Idea: Many southern whites believed that Indians could never be civilized
and wanted to seize their valuable lands. Many Indians resisted removal, and
violence erupted. However, U.S. troops prevailed and forced the Indians from
their lands.
John Quincy Adams
• Son of John Adams
• Secretary of State
under James Monroe
• After serving as
President, he was
elected to the House
of Representatives
until his death
John Calhoun
• South Carolina; lawyer,
plantation owner,
statesman
• For nationalism;
sponsored economic
measures to help unify
the nation (Second Bank
of the U.S., roads, navy,
and tariffs)
• Foresaw Civil War over
slavery
• Withdrew from election
1824
Henry Clay
• Kentucky; plantation
owner (freed slaves in
will)
• “Harry of the West”
• Gift for giving speeches
• Survived two duels
• Senator who ran for
President in 1824
Andrew Jackson
• Tennessee; plantation
owner; General in Army
• Victories in War of 1812
and Seminoles and
Spanish in Florida made
him famous
• Popular with colorful
personality
• Said to be poorly
educated and illtempered
• Ran for President in
1824
Election of 1824
• Andrew Jackson receives the most popular
votes
• John Quincy Adams defeats Henry Clay and
General Andrew Jackson
• Election is decided in the House of
Representatives
• “Corrupt Bargain”: Jackson accuses Adams
and Clay of corruption; House of
Representatives decided; Clay delivered KY for
Adams; Adams made Clay Secretary of State
Two Political Parties
• National Republicans: Adams and Clay
• Want strong federal government; canals, roads,
bridges, universities
• Want protective tariffs to help American industry,
favored a national bank, and tended to be middle-class
Protestants
• Jacksonian Democrats: wanted Jefferson’s idea of
limited government and individual freedoms; against
strong federal government, wanted states to build
infrastructure, against national bank, tended to be
slaveholders, small farmers, non-Protestants, and
working class
Election of 1828
• John Quincy Adams versus Andrew Jackson
• More than twice as many men voted than in
1824
• Jackson wins with large vote by common
people, especially from the West
Spoils System
 Patronage: practice of hiring political
supporters as government workers
 Spoils system: under Jackson the spoils (jobs)
were given to party supporters and friends
 Veto Power
-Jackson believed in limited government
-Vetoed more acts of Congress than the six
previous Presidents combined
Changes
 Growing power of
the West; first
President from west
of the Appalachian
Mountains
 Common white man
could now vote in
many states; laws
requiring voters to
be property owners
repealed
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TRANSPARENCY
The National Bank
Indian Removal Act
• “Five Civilized Tribes” – Cherokee, Creek,
Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole farmed;
whites wanted the land
• Authorized Jackson to give land in the
Louisiana Purchase for land in East
• Worcester v. Georgia
-Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority
over Cherokee territory; Georgia ignored the
ruling
-Jackson supported Georgia
INFOGRAPHIC
The Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
• In 1838, Cherokees
began a 116-day forced
march in groups of 1,000
• One-forth of the
Cherokee died
• Received only $3 million
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NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
Constitutional Disputes and Crises
Section 5
• What major political issues emerged
during the 1830s?
• Terms and people:
Tariff of Abominations
John C. Calhoun
nullification
Whig
Constitutional Disputes and Crises
The Nullification Crisis
Main Idea: In general, the industrial North favored protective tariffs,
while the agricultural South disliked them.
The Bank War
Main Idea: Jackson longed to revive Jefferson’s ideal of an agrarian
republic, in which almost all white men owned farms and enjoyed a
rough equality. But growing industrialization worked against that vision.
Politics After Jackson
Main Idea: Economic trouble spread as private banks, free from federal
regulation, flooded the economy with paper money, or bank notes. The
face value of bank notes rose significantly; however, the true value of
this money was uncertain.
Tariff of 1828
• Heavy tax on imports to encourage American
manufacturing
• South called it the “Tariff of Abomination”
• In 1832 South Carolina declared tariffs “null and void;
opposed by John C. Calhoun, Jackson’s Vice President
• SC threatened to secede or withdraw from the Union
• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends the Union
• Tariff is reduced and Force Bill, giving Jackson
authority to use troops in SC, is not needed
DIAGRAM
The Nullification Crisis of 1833
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Compare
Bank War
• Bank of U.S. could operate until 1836 under its
charter
• Clay, Webster, and banker Nicholas Biddle
decided to recharter it in 1832
• Jackson believed that the bank favored the rich
• Business leaders believed that provided a stable
currency
• Jackson vetoed the bill and won reelection in
1832, defeating Henry Clay
Whig Party Forms
• Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed the Whigs,
taken from a British political party to oppose
Jackson
• Nationalists who wanted a strong federal
government to manage the economy
• Wanted protective tariffs, internal improvements,
and a national bank
Election of 1832
• Jackson defeats Henry Clay
to be reelected
• National Republicans (Whigs)
called Jackson “King Andrew
I”
• Cartoon: page 237
• Jackson withdrew federal
money from the Bank of the
U.S. and placed it in state
banks
• Result was inflation
ANALYZE
Political Cartoons: “King” Andrew Jackson
Jackson’s Successors
• Martin Van Buren elected
1836; not as popular
• Jackson put federal funds
into “pet banks” that printed
and lent paper money
recklessly
• Panic of 1837: Specie
Circular stated that federal
government would only take
gold or silver for land
• Thousands lost their jobs
Panic of 1839
• Continued the
depression, throwing
thousands out of
work
• Bad times continued
into the Election of
1840
Election of 1840
• William Henry Harrison
ran for Whigs
• Van Buren defeated
• Harrison died after one
month and John Tyler
becomes president
John Tyler
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