MK. MANAJEMEN SLPW
disarikan oleh;
Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MS
Maret 2013
Praktek Pengelolaan Lahan
LAND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
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Land use and land management
practices:
Concepts, terms and classification principles
Rob Lesslie,
Bureau of Rural Sciences
Land management practices information priorities,
classification and mapping – towards an agreed national
approach. Kamberra
Winery, Canberra 11-12 May 2004
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1. PENDAHULUAN
The purpose of this paper is to:
• outline key concepts and terms associated with land use
and land management practices;
• outline the principles underpinning the Australian Land
Use and Management (ALUM) classification (the nationally
agreed land use classification system for land use) that
relate to land management practices; and
• address the relationship between the ALUM
classification and land management practices information.
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2. ISTILAH PENTING
The term ‘land management practices’ is one of a
number that describe aspects of landscape
occupation, use and management.
There is often confusion among these terms. For
example, ‘land use’ and ‘land cover’ may be applied
in the same context, perhaps because of the
common use of remotely sensed satellite imagery or
photography for mapping.
The distinction between ‘land use’ and ‘land
management practice’ is also not always well
understood.
The following definitions are offered:
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Land evaluation: Kesesuaian
agroekologi
Land valuation: Kelayakan
agroekonomi
TUTUPAN LAHAN
Land cover
Kondisi permukaan
bumi, termasuk
berbagai kombinasi
tipe-tipe vegetasi,
tanah, batuan yang
tersingkap, dan badan
perairan.
PENGGUNAAN LAHAN
Mencerminkan tujuan pemanfaatan lahan, termasuk
produksi barang (seperti tanaman pertanian, tegakan kayu
hutan dan manufactures) serta jasa-jasa (seperti
pertahanan, rekreasi, biodiversity dan perlindungan
sumberdaya alam).
Beberapa tipe penggunaan lahan, seperti lahan pertanian,
mempunyai pola tutupan lahan yang khas.
Contoh:
Tutupan lahan berupa hutan, maka penggunaan lahannya
dapat berupa hutan tanaman kayu atau konservasi alam.
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PRAKTEK PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Mencerminkan cara-cara yang dilakukan untuk
mencapai tujuan pengelolaan lahan - bagaimana
penggunaan lahann (misalnya praktek pengolahan
tanahnya berupa “minimum tillage” atau “direct
drilling”, tanam benih langsung).
Beberapa praktek pengelolaan lahan , seperti
pembongkaran tonggak pohon, sistem rotasi dan
pengolahan tanah, dibedakan oleh pola-pola tutupan
lahan tertentu.
Teknologi Mulsa
Pengolahan Tanah
Pergiliran Tanaman
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KOMODITAS
TANAMAN
Usually refers to
an agricultural or
mining product
that can be
processed.
Tebu harus diolah
menjadi gula
Commodity
information may
relate to land use
and land cover.
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PENGUASAAN
LAHAN
Land Tenure
Land tenurial system lahan
sawah ditandai oleh
pematang petakan lahan
The form of an
interest in land.
Some forms of
tenure (such as
pastoral or mineral
leases or nature
conservation
reserves) relate
directly to land use
and land
management.
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KEMAMPUAN DAN
KESESUAIAN LAHAN
Land capability
assesses the
limitations to land
use imposed by land
characteristics and
specifies
management options.
Land suitability (part
of the process of land
evaluation) is the
fitness of a given type
of land for a specified
kind of land use.
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KLASIFIKASI
Classification is the
ordering or arrangement
of objects into groups or
sets on the basis of their
relationships .
It entails ordering in a
systematic and logically
consistent way, according
to clear and precise
diagnostic criteria.
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Ideally, a classification system should incorporate
characteristics that make it:
• Scale independent, meaning that the classes at all levels
should be applicable at any scale or level of detail;
• Source independent, implying that it is independent of the
means used to collect information, whether satellite
imagery, aerial photography, field survey or some
combination of them is used;
• comprehensive, scientifically sound and practically
oriented;
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• capable of meeting the needs of a variety of users
(neither single-project oriented nor taking a sectoral
approach); users can use just a sub-set of the
classification and develop from there according to
their own specific needs;
• facilitate comparisons between classes derived from
different classifications;
• able to describe the complete range of features with
clear class boundary definition that are unambiguous
and unique;
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• adapted to fully describe variation with the minimal
set of classifiers necessary (the less classifiers used
in the definition, the less the error expected and the
less time and resources necessary for field
validation); and
• based on a clear and systematic description of the
class, where diagnostic criteria used to define a class
must be clearly defined.
(after Gregorio and Jansen 2000)
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Classification systems are generally either hierarchical or
non-hierarchical.
Most systems are hierarchically structured because this
accommodates different levels of information starting with
structured broad-level classes allowing further subdivision
into more detailed sub-classes.
At each level defined classes are mutually exclusive.
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Classification can be completed in two ways:
An a priori classification is based upon the definition
of classes before data collection takes place.
This means all possible combinations of diagnostic
criteria must be resolved beforehand by the
classification.
The main advantage is that classes are standardized,
independent of the area under investigation and
methods employed.
However, some identified objects may not be easily
assigned to pre-defined classes.
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A posteriori classification is based upon definition of classes
after clustering, based on the similarity or dissimilarity of field
samples.
The advantage of this type of classification is flexibility,
adaptability and minimal generalization.
However, because this approach depends on the specific
characteristics of area under investigation, it is unable to
define standardized classes.
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KLASIFIKASI PRAKTEK
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Pengelolaan lahan sawah mempunyai ciri
spesifik, berbeda dengan lahan kering
Sumber: foto smn 2010
As yet, no formal
classification system
for land management
practices has been
developed;
a difficult objective
given the range of
phenomena that can be
considered land
management practice
(from mechanical
cultivation practices, to
farming systems and
business management
methods).
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The classification is
designed to provide
for users who are
interested in both
processes (eg land
management
practices) and outputs
(eg commodities)
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Among other difficulties
associated with the
classification of land
management practices is that
a wide range of practices
may apply concurrently at
any given point in the
landscape – this means that
they are not amenable to
dichotomous classification
and mapping.
They may also vary over very
short time frames (which may
or may not accurately reflect
long-term management
intent).
.
Foto smn 2011
Aksesibilitas transportasi menjadi penentu dinamika konversi lahan.
Foto smn 2011 20
Sustainability
goals of the land
manegement are
identified as:
Cultural heritage,
financial return,
greenhouse and
air quality, nature
conservation,
quality of life, soil
health, water
quantity and
quality.
Konversi lahan sawah menjadi perumahan terjadi karena tekanan ekonomi pasar.21
EMPAT THEMA UTAMA
PRAKTEK
PENGELOLAAN
PERTANIAN :
1. SISTEM PRODUKSI
PERTANIAN
Practices relating to the
system that produces the
relevant commodity,
including the
management of soils,
plants and animals (eg
tactical grazing, or
opportunity cropping).
Pengelolaan usahatani biasanya dimulai dengan pengolahan lahan
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usaha. Foto : smn 2010
2. PENGELOLAAN
LINGKUNGAN
Pengelolaan BONITA Hutan Jati …..
Pendekatan ekologi-ekonomi….
Foto:smno.hutanjati.jan2013
Practices relating to
the management of
the natural
environment and
off-farm
environmental
issues, including
dryland salinity,
biodiversity and
water quality (eg
integrated pest
management,
retention,
rehabilitation or
restoration of native
vegetation).
3. Business
management.
Practices that relate
to the management
of farm business
and includes
financial
management,
product marketing,
benchmarking and
monitoring and
management of risk
(eg annual budget
and investment
plans).
Agroekosistem sawah:
Agroekologi - agroekonomi
Pola usahatani tanaman pertanian sangat ditentukan oleh pasar hasil panennya.
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Sumber; foto smn 2010
AGROEKOSISTEM
SAWAH
4. Personal and
community well-being.
AGROEKONOMI
Practices that relate to
the personal wellbeing of farming
families and to their
engagement in
communities of
common interest.
(eg maintaining a
commitment to family
by balancing work,
leisure, family time
and community
involvement).
Foto:smno.sawah.febr2013
Sebanyak 24 kelas praktek pengelolaan
lahan untuk pertanian lahan kering:
1. Agroforestry
2. Animal condition management
3. Breeding program
4. Business and financial planning
5. Chemical contamination avoidance
6. Commitment to family
7. Community and industry participation
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8. Crop rotation:
Pergiliran Tanaman
9. Effective
management of
labour and
resources
Pola tanam di lahan sawah:
Padi – bwmerah - jagung
10. Environmental
monitoring and
benchmarking
11. Identification
and protective
management of
cultural heritage
Foto:smno.agroekosistem.sawah.febr2013
12. Incorporation or retention of perennial species in AGROFORESTRY
Agroforestry jati dan jagung:
Kesesuaian agroekologis
Kelayakan agroekonomi
Akseptabilitas agrososiologi
Foto:smno.agroforestry.htjati.febr2013
13. Integrated pest management = Pengendalian
Hama Terpadu
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14. Knowledge and skill development
15. Management according to land
capability
Foto:smno.klinikpertanian.sawah.agst2012
16. Managing for
weather and
climate
variation
17. Nutrient
budgeting –
diagnosis
status hara
tanaman padi
18. Occupational
health and
safety
19. Quality
assurance
Foto:smno.klinikpertanian.sawah.agst2012
20. Retention and
management of
native vegetation
21. Soil conservation
22. Tactical grazing
23. Tillage and
stubble
management
24. Waterway and
floodplain
management ,
rainwater
harvesting
Foto:smno.klinikpertanian.embung.jan2013
OBSERVASI
1. ‘Land management
practice’ is one of a
number of related terms
that describe aspects of
land occupation, use
and management.
2. Classification is the
ordering or
arrangement of objects
into groups or sets in a
systematic and logically
consistent way,
according to clear and
precise diagnostic
criteria.
Sumber: Foto smno.penanaman.bibit.okt2010
Agroekoteknologi :
Manajemen lahan sawah
Praktek
pengelolaan lahan
sawah untuk
budidaya padi:
Dimulai dari panen
tanaman,
dilanjutkan dnegan
mengolah tanah
dengan cara
membajak, hal ini
dilakukan untuk
menyiapkan
kondisi tanah yang
sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan bibit
padi
Foto:smno.klinikpertanian.sawah.febr2013
Klasifikasi Pengelolaan dan Penggunaan Lahan di Australia (Version 5
(November 2001)
Penggunaan lahan secara alamiah
HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI (HTI) - JATI
Foto:smno.HTI.jati.febr2013
Penggunaan lahan kering untuk pertanian
Penggunaan lahan pertanian irigasi
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Penggunaan lahan intensif
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SUMBERDaYa aIR
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Table 2: ALUM 5 land use classification framework for Levels II, III
and IV, showing land use and land management practice as related
tertiary class 'themes'
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43
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Beberapa macam praktek pengelolaan lahan
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References
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National Land and Water Resources Audit. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
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Resource Management in the Murray-Darling Basin. Project M305: Task 6.
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria.
Bureau of Rural Sciences (2002) Land use mapping at Catchment Scale: Principles,
procedures and definitions. Edition 2. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
Clifton, C. McGregor, C. Standen, R. and Fritsch S. (2004) Current recommended
practice: a directory for dryland broadacre agriculture. MDBC Publication 01/04.
Murray-Darling Basin Commission.
Gregorio, A. and Jansen, L. (2000). Land cover classification system. FAO Land
and Water Development Division. FAO.
Sokal R. (1974). Classification: purposes, principles, progress, prospects. Science
185 (4157): pp. 1115-1123.