ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ms. Lilian Albarico
Students are expected to:
Illustrate, using chemical formulas, a variety of natural and
synthetic compounds that contain carbon.
Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds on
the basis of their formulas.
Represent chemical reactions and the conservation of
mass using molecular models, and balanced symbolic
equations.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic compounds consist mostly of atoms of carbon
bonded together. The study of compounds that contain
carbon and their properties is called ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY.
A few carbon-containing compounds such as
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ionic
carbonates are not considered as organic.
Always contain carbon and hydrogen.
Always formed by covalent bonding.
Often quite large molecules or with many
connected atoms.
Usually associated with living systems.
Organic compounds are usually found
in common foods like:
Can also be found in:
sugar, starch, alcohol, medicines, polymers, steroids,
waxes, polymers, perfumes
body PROTEINS (DNA – amino acids)
Carbon contains four valence electrons. Rather than
gaining or losing four electrons to obtain a stable
octet, it forms covalent bonds readily. Carbon can
form single, double, or triple bonds.
For example, carbon can make two single bonds with
neighboring carbon atoms, and still have the ability
to make two more single bonds or a double bond
with atoms of carbon or other elements.
Contain a total of 6 electrons.
Only four electrons in the outer shell.
Very diverse as one atom can bound with four other
atoms.
Often bond with other carbon atoms to make
hydrocarbons.
Can produce long carbon chains like octane.
Can produce ring forms like cyclohexane.
Octane & Cyclohexane
8
A HYDROCARBON is an organic
compound that contains only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
The two main sources for the hydrocarbons we use are
crude oil and natural gas.
Gasoline(with octane C8H18) is a homogenous mixture
of hydrocarbons. The result of burning crude oil and
natural gas is that we can heat our homes, businesses
and schools, and provide energy for transportation.
Did You Know?
Crude oil is found over 50 countries of the world but more than 70%
of the known reserves are in the Middle East. Crude oil is the second
most common liquid on Earth.
HYDROCARBON
The simplest hydrocarbon is METHANE (CH4).
Other examples are:
Ethane, Propane, Butane
A COMBUSTION REACTION is a result of
organic compounds reacting rapidly with oxygen
and in which both heat and light are given off.
When hydrocarbons are burned when there is
plenty of oxygen, COMPLETE COMBUSTION
occurs. This reaction produces carbon dioxide and
water vapour, and at the same time generates energy.
hydrocarbon + oxygen gas(good supply)  carbon dioxide + water
Hydrocarbons that are burned in a poor supply of
oxygen, results INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION.
In this case, the products of incomplete combustion are
carbon dioxide and water, as well as carbon (SOOT) and
carbon monoxide. CARBON MONOXIDE is a
colourless highly toxic gas. If carbon monoxide enters in
our lungs, it will bond faster with hemoglobin than
oxygen. All living organisms require oxygen to survive. If
there is less hemoglobin available to carry oxygen, cells
may die.
Which flame from a bunsen burner do you
think that undergoes incomplete combustion?
Silent Reading
(Refer to the map of Canada’s oil and gas resources
on page 203.)
Read page 205 “Off the Wall” about Ethenes.
Homework!
What is organic chemistry? Give four examples of
organic compounds.
How are the products of the complete combustion of a
hydrocarbon different from those of incomplete
combustion?
How would observing the flame of a burning
hydrocarbon help you determine whether the
combustion is complete or incomplete?
Fun Project
You are going to design a
T-shirt (white or black)
with different chemical
logos or chemical
formula!
All students will wear it
on a special day. No one
should have the same
prints!