Chapter 19, Section 1, pages 676-686
Carbon and Organic Compounds
Compounds of Carbon
Objectives
To explain the unique properties of carbon
To relate different compounds of carbon to their properties
To describe the nature of bonds formed by carbon compounds
To classify carbon compounds
To look at the structure of different isomers of carbon
Input
Properties of Carbon
A plastic water bottle is made of carbon. It is flexible and strong. It is made up
primarily of carbon. Carbon atoms always form COVALENT BONDS.
Three factors make carbon-carbon bonds unique
------ strong
------carbon not reactive, stable
------each carbon atom can form up to four single bonds
Carbon Exists As Different Allotropes
An ALLOTROPE is an atom that can form different bonding arrangements. See pg.
679, Fig 2. Diamond = tetrahedral arrangement, graphite = rings but in separate
layers, buckminsterfullerene= 60 carbons forming a sphere. All of these compounds
are made up only of carbon.
Organic Compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon. They may also have hydrogen and carbon--then they are called hydrocarbons. Additionally, organic compounds may include
N, S, P, and the halogens.
Alkanes Are the Simplest Hydrocarbons, CnH2n+2
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have a straight or branched chain of carbons with
only single bonds. The names all end in –ANE. For example, methane CH4, ethane
C2H6, propane C3H8.
Alkenes. CnH2n
This is a hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds. All end in –ENE. For
example, Ethene C2H2, Propene C3H6
Alkynes, CnH2n-2
This is a hydrocarbon that has one or more triple bond. All end in –YNE. For
example, ethyne C2H2 (acetylene), propyne C3H4
Carbon Atoms Can Form Rings
Carbon atoms can bond in straight chains or in rings. For example, butane C4H10—
straight chain or cyclobutane C4H10--- this is a ring of four carbons. Cyclo-means
ring or circle.
Benzene Is an Important Ring Compound—Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The most important ring hydrocarbon is Benzene. Large resonance energy—single
and double bonds interchange. Aromatic means have a distinctive odor. Widely
used. Found in insecticides, food flavoring, synthetic dyes, etc.
Other Organic Compounds
Many organic compounds contain functional groups—the portion of a molecule
that is active in a reaction and determines the properties of the organic
compound.
Examples are found on page 684, Table 1
Class
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Functional Group
-OH
O=C-H
O=C
Example
propanol
Benzealdehyde
Propanone
(acetone)
Use
disinfectant
Almond flavor
Nail polish
remover
Isomers
One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different
structures, C4H10O, 1-butanol, or 2 methyl-1-propanol
Conclusion
Review key concepts
Homework
Handout to be given in class