• Definition
• It is one of the major psychological factors affecting the human behavior.
• It is the sum of total ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others and environment.
• According to Fred Luthans “ Personality means how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself , as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits( behaviour) and the person-situation interaction”.
• It is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological system determines his unique adjustment to his environment – Gordan Allport

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– Human behavior is composed of acts(doing something)
– Personality visualized as a whole actualizes itself in a particular environment
– It is distinguished by self-consistency(stability)
– It is goal directed behavior
– It is process of becoming

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– Refers to those factors that were determined at conception(beginning)
– Transmission of the qualities from the parents to the children
– Examples- physical structure, facial attractiveness, muscle composition.
– Job satisfaction, occupation change- personality
– Heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual ‘s personality is the molecular structure of the genes located in the chromosomes.

• Environment
– Comprising of culture, family norms, friends, social and situational factors play a very important role in the development of the personality of a person.
• Culture – it is a unique systems of perceptions, beliefs, values, norms, pattern of behavior and a code of conduct that influences the behavior of individuals in a given society.
• Family – family size, birth orders, parent’s educational level, geographic location
• Social- socialization is a process by which an infant acquires from the enormously wide range of behavior patterns that are customary(usual) and acceptable to the family and social groups.
• Situational- a situation exerts an important press on the individual to behave in a particular manner. It exercises constraints(limitations) and may provide a push
– Heredity and environment jointly affects the individual’s personality development

TYPES OF PERSONALITY
Extraversion
Sensing
Thinking
Introversion
Intuition
Feeling,
Judging
Perceiving

The first criterion, Extraversion – Introversion, signifies the source and direction of a person’s energy expression. An extravert’s source and direction of energy expression is mainly in the external world, while an introvert has a source of energy mainly in their own internal world.
The second criterion, Sensing – Intuition, represents the method by which someone perceives information.
Sensing means that a person mainly believes information he or she receives directly from the external world. Intuition means that a person believes mainly information he or she receives from the internal or imaginative world.

The third criterion, Thinking – Feeling, represents how a person processes information. Thinking means that a person makes a decision mainly through logic. Feeling means that, as a rule, he or she makes a decision based on emotion, i.e. based on what they feel they should do.
The fourth criterion, Judging – Perceiving, reflects how a person implements the information he or she has processed. Judging means that a person organizes all of his life events and, as a rule, sticks to his plans.
Perceiving means that he or she is inclined to improvise and explore alternative options.

 Trait – a manner in which one individual differs from another
 Introvert and Extrovert Personalities
 Introvert- people those who avoid social contacts and initiating interaction with other group. E.g. quite, solitude(lonely), reserved.
people with analytical skill.
 Extrovert- friendly, sociable, lively, aggressive(forceful). People who involved in sales activities, publicity departments, personal relations etc.
 Type A and Type B Personalities
 Type A- Hardworking, highly achievement oriented, impatient
 Type B- easy-going, sociable
 Judging and Perceptive Personalities
 Judging- follow a plan, make decisions and need what is essential for their work. Decide things quickly, may not notice new things
 Perceptive- who adapt well to change, want to know all about a job, sometimes they may be overcommitted. sensitive, understanding, aware about everything

Factors affecting personality are :
• Biological Factors
• Cultural Factors
• Family Factors
• Social Factors
• Situational Factors
1)Biological Factors a) Heredity:
It refers to physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are considered to be inherent.
• It plays an important part in determining an individual's personality.
• Heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual's personality is the molecular structures of the genes, which are located in the chromosomes.
• Recent research studies shows that young children lend strong support to the power of heredity and finding shows that some personality traits may be built into the same genetic code that affects factors like height and hair color.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONALITY b) Brain is the second biological approach to determine personality.
• Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) and Split brain psychology results indicates that a better understanding of human personality and behavior might come from a closer study of the brain.
• The definite areas of the human brain are associated with pain and pleasure.
Research study shows that these things are true.
c)Physical Features:
• It is third biological approach to determine personality.
• It is vital ingredient of the personality, it focus an individual person's external appearance which also determined the personality.
• Physical features like tall or short, fat or skinny, black or white. These physical features will be influenced the personal effect on others and also affect self concept of individual.
• Recent research studies shows that definitely this features influence to individual personality in an organization.
In totally, heredity would be fixed at birth and no amount of experience can be altering them through creation of suitable environment. Apart from this, personality characteristics are not completely dictated by heredity. There are other factors also influenced to determining personality.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONALITY
2) Cultural factors: Each culture expects, and trains, its members to behave in ways that are acceptable to the group.
• It refers to traditional practice, customs, procedure, norms and rules and regulation followed by the society.
• It significantly influence to individual behavior compare to biological factors.
• Cultural factors determine attitudes towards independence, aggression, competition, cooperation, positive thinking, team spirit, and a host of the human being and discharge his/her duties towards valuable responsibilities to society.
• Western culture influence to Indian society. It is best example of the cultural factors also determine the personality.
3) Family Factors:
• Family role is very important for nurturing and personality development of their children.
• Family will be guided, supervised, take care of all family members, cooperation, coordination and cooperation in work and also explained the role and responsibilities towards the family, society and real life.
• Family either directly or indirectly influence to person for development of individual personality.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONALITY
• 4) Social Factors:
• It involves the reorganization of individual's in an organization or society.
• It refers to acquiring of wide range of personality by acquiring and absorbed by themselves in the society or an organization.
• Socialization process is starting from home and extending to work environment in an organization or society.
• It focuses on good relationships, cooperation, coordination and interaction among the members in the society or an organization or a family.
5)Situational Factors:
• Situational factors are very important to change the individual behavior in a different circumstance at different situations.
• In general term, personality is stable and consistent and it does change in different situations.
A situation exerts an important pressure on the individual. It may exercises constraints and may provide push. In certain circumstances it is not so much the kind of person a man is, as the kind and not situation in which individual is placed, that determines the particular actions. For eg: a worker whose personality history suggests that he had need for power and achievement may become frustrated and react apathetically and aggressively, if he is put in a bureaucratized work situation