Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
Agricultural Revolution
Population Explosion
Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution
• Scientific Method
• Observation and
Experimentation,
turned into scientific
laws
• Newton, Copernicus
The Enlightenment
• Apply scientific ideas to
society.
• John Locke- Natural
Rights
• Life, Liberty, Property
• Challenge new ideas
Agricultural Revolution
• Improved methods of farming
• Combined smaller fields to
larger ones
• Seed drill- Jethro Tull,
deposited seeds in rows
• Enclosure Movement- fencing
off land, formerly shared by
peasant farmers, replaced
strips fields with larger fields
• Needed fewer people to work
them, many farmers
unemployed, migrated to cities
Population Explosion
• Declining death rates
• Women were able to eat
better, became healthier,
babies were stronger and
lived through childhood
• Deadly diseases like
Bubonic plague faded
away
• Better hygiene and
sanitation
Capital
Supportive
Government
Human
Resources
Demand
Natural
Resources
New
Technology
Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
Factories
Growth of Cities
Faster Transportation
and Communication
Urbanization
• Movement of people to the cities
• Towns grew into cities
Example: Manchester grew from 17,000 in
the 1750’s to 70,000 by 1800.
• The industrial cities were filthy, dark, polluted
and eventually became known as
overcrowded slums
• LIFE ROTATED AROUND THE FACTORY
The factory System
• Factory- Building where many people work
with machines to produce goods instead of
having them made at home
• Rigid discipline
• Rigid schedule-set by factory whistle
• Long hours (12-16hrs)
• Workers suffered accidents
• Air full of coal and lint
Women in Factories
• Paid less than men
• “Easier” to control
and manage
• Family life suffered,
Rise in orphanages
Child Labor
• Workers as young as 5 years old
• Little hands and bodies could
“squeeze” into small places
• Children often helped to
support their families, while
orphans however, worked for
food.
• Kids were mistreated for not
doing their work
• Most children never attended
school
Capitalism
• Capitalismis an economic
system that is
based on
private
ownership of
the means of
production and
the creation of
goods or
services for
profit.
Adam Smith
• Prophet of laissez-faire (government does not
interfere with business) economics
• Believed that a free market- the unregulated
exchange of goods and services- would
eventually help everyone, not just the rich
• Free market would produce more goods at
lower prices, making them affordable to
everyone
• Businesses follow the law of supply and
demand and supply what people want or go
bankrupt
Supply and demand
• Investors constantly come up with new
products to benefit people and make money
• Supporters of the free enterprise capitalism
pointed to the success of the industrial age, in
which government played no part
Views on the Poor
• Thomas Malthus
– Poor people will have as many children as they can
feed, they caused their own suffering
• David Ricardo
– Iron law of wages- the poor cause their own
suffering
• Utilitarianism- Government should intervene
only to benefit the most citizens
– Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill believe
people should have more rights
• Women should vote
• Poor should get help from the government
Socialism
• Founder: Robert Owen
• Basic Belief: Factories work for the benefit of all
people, the people control the means of
production
• Key Ideas:
– Industries would be run for the benefit of all people
(fair pay, no child labor)
– Wanted governments to intervene to better
conditions
– Later socialists used increased voting and unions to
better conditions
Luddites
• Luddites- Protestors that
destroyed machines in
resistance to the
Industrial Revolution
– Believed machines should
be destroyed because
they took the jobs of
working men
• Everything used to be
made by hand
• Named after the legendary Ned Ludd, who
went around destroying machines that have
taken the jobs that people once did
• Government response
– Luddites were hanged or sent to penal colonies in
Australia
– "Machine breaking” was subsequently made a
capital crime
– For years workers were forbidden to form labor
unions to bargain for better pay and working
conditions
– Strikes were outlawed
Unions
• Works by having workers negotiate together
with the bosses (collective bargaining) or
refusing to work (strikes)
• Goals include better pay, safety, insurance and
retirement benefits
Scientific Socialism
• In the 1840’s, Karl Marx a
German philosopher
developed theory of
“Scientific Socialism”
– Based on a scientific study of
history
– Was forced to leave Germany
because of radical ideas and
moved to Paris
• Met fellow socialist Friedrich
Engels, whose father owned a
textile factory
Communist Manifesto
• 1848, Marx and Engels
publish a pamphlet, “The
Communist Manifesto”
– Explained the theory of
communism- a form of
socialism that sees class
struggle between
employers and employees
as inevitable
Marxism
• Marx stated that economics was the driving
force in history and history was full of class
struggles between the “haves” and the
“have nots”
• The “haves” have always owned the means of
production and thus controlled society and all its
wealth
• In industrialized Europe, the “haves” are the
bourgeoisie, or middle class
• The “have nots” are the proletariat, or working class
– This modern class struggle will pit the bourgeoisie
against the proletariat
• In the end he predicted, the proletariat would
triumph and take control of the means of
production and set up a classless communist society
– The struggles of the past would end because wealth and
power would be equally shared
Impact
• At first ideas had little impact, in time they would
have world wide effects
• Western and Eastern European socialist parties will
emerge
• In early 1900’s, Russian socialists set up a
communist “inspired government”
Weakness
• Many of Marx’s assumptions on which he
based his theories were wrong
– Predicted misery of the proletariat would start a
revolution, instead by 1900, the standard of
living for the working class improved
– Predicted workers across the world would unite,
instead nationalism won out over working class
loyalty
• Marxism will lose much of its appeal, people begin to
feel strong ties to their own countries
How do the Smurfs resemble
Communism?
• 1)
• 2)
• 3)
• 4)
• 5)
• 6)