1952-1960
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The following flashcards are characterized as
follows
= People
= Congressional Acts/Executive
Orders/Plans/Doctrines/Policy
= Concepts
= Supreme Court Cases
= Organization/Group
= Important Event
-Born Denison TX 1890, grew up Abilene
Kansas, West Point, Directed North Africa
& Western Europe invasions, 34th
President 1953-1961; 8 millionaires & 1
plumber; reduce gov size, slash budget,
promote hydroelectric & nuclear, turn over
oil tidelands to states; image of passivity,
truly ruthless; delegated authority,
“reigned but did not rule,” defeated
Democrat Adlai Stevenson
Dwight
Eisenhower
-Union leader who headed the Labor
Department; later resigned; the
plumber in Eisenhower’s cabinet
Martin Durkin
-Head of Council of Economic
Advisers, only gov official other
than secretary of state with
weekly Ike appointments
Arthur Burns
William F.
Buckley Jr.
-Young conservative, recent
Yale graduate, founded National
Review 1955 & Christian AntiCommunist Crusade
-1953 Chief Justice, defended rights of
persons accused of subversive beliefs,
faced wrath of conservatives, Jencks v.
United States, Yates v. United States,
Brown v. Board Education of Topeka,
Plessy v. Ferguson
Earl Warren
-Arkansas Governor, mobilize state’s
National Guard to bar nine African
Americans from entering Little Rock
Central High School, claimed not
good time; shut down Little Rock’s
public high schools for 2 years
Orval E.
Faubus
-Eisenhower’s secretary of state,
“Dull, Duller, Dulles” holy war vs.
atheism, unleash Jiang Jieshi,
brinkmanship-never back down,
pactomania-43 nations
John Foster
Dulles
-Commander of CIA, OSS cloakand-dagger operations veteran,
brother of secretary of state
Allen Dulles
Ramon
Magaysay
-Anticommunist, 1953 CIA
helps him become president
of the Philippines
-Anti-communist catholic, CIA installs him
as president of South Vietnam, secret
police/armed forces, block 1956 election to
reunify Vietnam, mediator between ppl &
heaven, alienated Buddhists, no land or
corruption reforms
Ngo Dinh Diem
Gamal Abdel
Nasser
-1954 leader of Egypt, purchased arms
from Czechoslovakia, recognized People’s
Republic of China (US withdraws financing
for Aswan dam), nationalized Britain’s
Suez Canal
-1959 overturned dictatorial regime in
Cuba, confiscated American properties
without compensation; 1st secretary of
Cuban Communist Party
Fidel Castro
http://americanhistory.abcclio.com/Search/Display/1688491?terms=
Fidel+Castro
John Kenneth
Galbraith
-Economist, 1958 published The
Affluent Society, study of postwar
America, GNP increased 50%,
demand consumer goods
-Sociologist, 1950 The Lonely Crowd,
new company people eager to follow
peers not act independently
David Riesman
-1962 Silent Spring, revealed
fertilizers/herbicides/pesticides poisoned
environment, former researcher for Fish &
Wildlife Service, dramatized problems of
insecticide DDT in food chain, death of
songbirds; led many states to ban
Rachel Carson
-1946 Common Sense Book of Baby
& Child Care, urge mothers not to
work outside home, warm
atmosphere, breast-feeding, more
discussions less spanking, only
Bible outsells
Dr. Benjamin
Spock
-Evangelist, religious salvation, aggressive
anticommunism, supported McCarthyism,
backed GOP demands to unleash Jiang’s
troops, lash out at homosexuals & working
wives
Billy Graham
Michael
Harrington
-The Other America: Poverty in the
United States (1962), poor cycle
deprivation, can’t afford doctors,
drop out school
-Officer of Montgomery NAACP, Dec.
1, 1955, refused to get up so white
man could sit on bus, sparked
organized boycott
Rosa Parks
Southern
Manifesto
-1956, Over 100 congress members
denounce Brown as abuse of judicial
power, resorted to violence & economic
reprisals; 1956 no black in school with
whites in Deep South, few Upper
-1st since Reconstruction, established a
permanent commission on civil rights with
broad investigatory powers, yet did not
guarantee ballot to blacks; did not employ
federal official to register African
Americans to vote; under Eisenhower
Civil Rights Act
of 1957
-Slightly strengthened
provisions of the Civil Rights
Act of 1957; did not employ
federal official to register
African Americans to vote;
under Eisenhower
Civil Rights Act
of 1960
-Eisenhower proposes, both US
& Soviets contribute fissionable
materials to new UN agency for
use in industrial projects; no
Soviet response
Atoms for
Peace Plan
The
Eisenhower
Doctrine
-Proclamation that the US would send
military aid and troops to any Middle
Eastern nation threatened by Communist
aggression; ex. 14,000 marines quell
Muslim revolt in Lebanon
Voluntary
Relocation
Program
-Provided Native Americans with moving
costs, assistance in finding houses and
jobs, living expenses until obtained work;
part of termination of treaty relationships
National
Defense
Education Act
-1958, passed after Sputnik, provided
loans to students, teacher training funds,
$ for instructional materials in sciences,
math, languages
-Modern Republicanism; went along
with Congress; extend social
security 10 million, raise minimum
wage, unemployment benefits,
public housing to low income,
Department of Health, Education &
Welfare, St. Lawrence Seaway,
freeways
Dynamic
Conservatism
-Radical right, Barry Goldwater,
George Wallace, Ronald Reagan,
criticized creeping socialism of
Eisenhower, advocate
traditional morals, condemn
liberal Supreme Court
New
Conservatives
PupilPlacement
Laws
-Permitted school boards to
assign black and white children
to different schools; Southern
attempt to resist Brown
decision, also deny state aid to
desegregated schools
Cheyenne
-Rocky Mountain fortress where
military
crews scanned radar &
Mountain
satellite signals for signs of
Soviet
attack,
25
ton
blast
Operations
doors
Center
-1955 Eisenhower & Soviets meet,
1st East-West summit since WWII,
talk of peaceful coexistence; no
specific plan; Moscow suspended
further atmospheric tests of nuclear
weapons 1958, US does same
Spirit of
Geneva
-Defense program, more bang for
buck, emphasize nuclear, reduce
conventional forces, spurred soviets
seek more rubble for the ruble;
Republicans
“New Look”
-112,000 sq. ft. bunker 700 ft
beneath Greenbrier resort in West
Virginia; dormitories, restaurant,
clinic, decontamination showers,
legislative chambers
Greenbrier
Bunker
-1957 half personnel, 80%
budget, foreign leaders on
payroll, supporting political
parties, subsidizing federal
newspapers & labor unions
CIA Covert
Action
CIA Appeals to
-intellectual conferences, jazz
Thinkers
to
concerts,
film rights Orwell’s
1984 &
Animal Farm, subsidize Encounter
magazine,
college students
avoid
Communism
-Eisenhower warns that if Vietnam
falls to Communists, then Thailand,
Burma, Indonesia, & all of Asia
would fall like dominos
Domino Theory
-Began with opening of Stanford Industrial Park
1951, apricot and cherry orchards gave way to
industrial parks, Fairchild Semiconductor &
Hewlett-Packard, traffic congestion, housing
developments, smog, similar along Boston's Route
128
Silicon Valley
-Replaced capitalists, rewarded in
careers for “fitting in,” conformity
and teamwork not creativity and
individuality; David Riesman
Executives
Baby Boom
Generation
-76 million Americans born between 1946
& 1964, home construction, college
enrollments, reinforce women at home
The Silent
Generation
-College students conservative,
conformist, careerist, seek
security above all, well-rounded
-Ownership soars to 9/10 homes by 1960,
more than bathrooms, ABC/CBS/NBC
gobble TV stations, sell advertising, TV
Guide outsells other periodicals, TV
dinner, Davy Crockett; McCarthy, Nixon’s
“Checkers” speech, Kennedy; more
national culture
Television
Slum
Clearance
-By 1949, few units called for in the
Housing Act had been built; 320,000 later
constructed, urban removal of poor and
colored, razed low-income, ex. Chavez
Ravine for Dodger Stadium
-Located in New York, by 1960 had
larger Puerto Rican population than
in San Juan; 1 million
El Barrio
-Alan Freed starts craze in NY, Bill Haley,
Rock Around the Clock, Elvis Presley; Dick
Clark’s American Bandstand decade’s
biggest TV hit, after 1955 The Blackboard
Jungle parents see as devil music
Rock and Roll
Jencks v.
United States
-1957 Supreme Court rules
accused has right to inspect
government files used by the
prosecution
-1957 Justices overturn convictions
of Communist party officials under
Smith Act, difference between
unlawful concrete acts & teaching
revolutionary ideology; ended further
prosecution of communists
Yates v. United
States
-1954, declared segregation of public
education unconstitutional, feelings
of inferiority in status, violate =
protection clause of 14th
amendment, inherently unequal,
combined lawsuits of 4 states and
District of Columbia; Citizens
Councils & KKK declare void
Brown v. Board
of Education of
Topeka
-Grass-root network, struggles
vs. taxes, gun control, sex
education in schools;
denounced Eisenhower as agent
of communist conspiracy,
liberality = treason
John Birch
Society
Southeast Asia
Treaty
Organization
-Created in 1954, military alliance patterned on
NATO, implemented provisions of the Manila Pact
& the Pacific Charter
http://americanhistory.abcclio.com/Search/Display/253587?terms=southeast
+asia+treaty+organization
National Front
-1960 Insurgency
backed by North
for
the
Vietnam, opposed Diem, soon
controlled half of South Vietnam
Liberation of
Vietnam
Southern
Christian
Leadership
Conference
-1975 Formed by Martin Luther King Jr. &
colored ministers, nonviolent crusades
against 2nd class citizenship, depend on
domestics instead of leaders
-Nonconformist writers, Allen Ginsberg,
Jack Kerouac, scorn materialism,
romanticize outcasts, spontaneity
Beats
-1944 Developed by
International Business
Machines & Harvard, computer,
decipher axis codes, 500 miles
wiring
Mark I
-1st electronic computer, developed by US
army to improve artillery accuracy, insects
attracted to heat/light, reduce processing
time, operating instructions
ENIAC
-Eisenhower asks Congress $40 billion for
41,000 mile project, 90% financed by
taxes, everybody except inner-city poor
benefits, largest/most expensive public
works scheme in American history, single
project, superhighways, speed movement
ppl/goods, tourism, construction,
suburban, homogenize nation, railroads
decline, urban decay, bulldozed minority
Interstate
Highway
System
-Accused army of harboring
communist spies when aide no draft
deferment, 1954 televised senate
investigation, senate votes to
censure; Loyalty Day 1955, teacher
oaths, fund HUAC
Decline of
McCarthy
-Sept. 1957, Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus
prevent 9 African Americans from entering
Little Rock Central High School;
Eisenhower sees as national security
liability; federalized Arkansas National
Guard, 1st time since Reconstruction
dispatch federal troops to protect blacks’
rights; strengthened determination of
African Americans for desegregation
Little Rock
Incident
-After no Soviet response to Atoms
for Peace Plan, across Aleutians &
Alaska, 24 hr electronic defense
system, alert of over the pole
invasion
Distant Early
Warning Line
-1953 CIA’s orchestrated coup to
overthrow Iranian government;
replace prime minister with Shah
Reza Pahlavi; fear old pm might
open oil fields to Soviets
Operation Ajax
-1954 CIA mercenaries
overthrow Jacobo Guzman’s
elected government in
Guatemala; he had nationalized
& redistributed United Fruit
Company land
Operation
Pbsuccess
-Nasser nationalizes British-owned Suez
Canal, Britain-France-Israel prepare
attack 1956, Eisenhower forces
withdrawal; swelled anti-western
sentiment, US protector of western
interests in Middle East, Eisenhower
doctrine
The Suez Crisis
Salk & Sabin
Vaccines
-April 1955 announcement, effective
against poliomyelitis, afflicted drops
to 5700 in 1958, raised American
life expectancy
Operation
Wetback
-1953-1955 Under Eisenhower, deported 3
million undocumented immigrants, many
Mexicans continued to cross border,
(bracero program peaked in 1959)
-Soviet Union launches 1st artificial satellite (Little
Traveler), dashed American myth of tech
superiority, missile gap, Sputnik II with dog,
Flopnik, led to NASA &
National Defense Education Act; $1.5 education
spending, 3.6 million students
Sputnik