Chemistry-Standards
 #63-Describe the importance of studying fundamental
chemistry as it relates to cosmetology
 #64Define organic, inorganic chemistry, matter and
composition of elements, compounds and mixtures
 #65-Define acids and alkalies and be able to chart
cosmetic chemicals on PH scale
Opening Activity
 Divide into groups of 4
 Write down everything they did between waking up
this morning and getting to school
 Upon completion of the list-check off the activity that
involved chemistry
 Example: brush teeth-chemistry of water
chemistry
 Matter-Anything that occupies space, has physical and
chemical properties and exists as either a solid, liquid,
or gas
Elements
 Composed of a single part or unit
 Cannot be reduced to simpler substance
 There are 90 naturally occurring elements
 There are 22 more elements that are made artificially.
All matter in the universe is made up of one or more of
these 90 elements
 They are identified by a letter symbol. Examples:
ATOMS
The smallest particle of
an element capable of
showing the properties
of the element.
Molecules
Result of two or
more atoms of the
same element that
are united
chemically
Compound
molecules
Chemical
compounds of two or
more atoms of
different elements.
States of Matter
 All matter exists in three different physical forms,
solid, liquid or gas. Matter takes on one of these forms
or states depending on its temperature
 Solids-Have definite shape
 Liquid-Have definite volume and weight, but not
definite shape (water)
 Gases- Do not have definite volume or shape (steam)
Physical and Chemical Properties
 Physical properties-Those characteristics determined
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without a chemical reaction; do not cause a chemical
change in the identity of a substance
Color
Odor
Weight
Density
Specific Gravity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Hardness
Chemical Properties
 Those characteristics than can only be determined
with a chemical reaction and cause a chemical change
in the identity of a substance.
 Examples: rusting iron
Physical Change
 Changes the form without forming a new substance
 Example: solid ice melts and becomes water
Chemical Change
 A new substance or substances are formed having
properties different from the original.
 Wood into charcoal
 Permanent hair color. Oxidation develops the dye in
the color and creates a chemical change in the hair.
The oxidation causes a chemical change in both the
hair color product and the structure of the hair
PURE SUBSTANCES
 Matter with a fixed chemical composition, definite
proportions, and distinct properties
 Elemental molecules-Two or more atoms united
physically
 Chemical compounds-Combinations of two or more
atoms of different elements united chemically with a
fixed chemical composition, definite proportions and
distinct properties.
PHYSICAL MIXTURES
 A SUBSTANCE MADE UP OF ELEMENTS
COMBINED PHYSICALLY THAT THAN
CHEMICALLY
 Example: Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel and
cement, sand and gravel are held together by the
cement, they retain their identity
Solution
 A blended mixture of two or more solids, liquids, or
gaseous substances
 Solute- the dissolved substance in a solution
 Solvent-the substance, usually liquid, which dissolves
another substance to form a solution, with no change
in chemical composition
 Example: kool-aid-solute
Miscible
 Mutually soluble, can be mixed together without
separating
 Example: alcohol and water
Immiscible
 Not capable of being mixed
 Example: oil and water
Suspension
 A state in which solid particles are distributed
throughout a liquid medium. They have a tendency to
separate over time;
 Example: salad dressing
Emulsion
 A mixture of two or more immiscible
substances united with the aid of a
binder or emulsifier. They have a
tendency to separate over time, but if
properly formulated can be stable for
at least 3 years.
Surfactants
 Substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to
mix, or emulsify. A contraction for “surface active
agent”
Other Physical Mixtures
 Ointments-semisolid mixtures made with any
combination of petrolatum, oil, and wax include
pastes, pomades, and styling waxes
 Powders-A physical mixture of two solids. Freeflowing powders are rarely found in cosmetics;
Powders that tend to stick together such as talc, are
more common
review
 Define chemistry
 Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important?
 What is the difference between organic and inorganic
chemistry
 What are atoms?
 What are elements?
 What are the chemical and physical properties of
matter?
 What is the difference between physical and chemical
changes
 Describe the three states of matter
 Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures
 What is the difference between solutions, suspensions,
and emulsions
 Define pH and the pH scale
 Explain the difference between oxidation and
reduction reactions