Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Look Smart
Theme and Variation on
Topic 6. Mental Abilities and
Navigating the World
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© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Defining Intelligence
• Most important: The capacity to carry out abstract
reasoning (similarities, differences, accurate
generalizations)
• Adaptation and adjustment
– Stern: the general capacity of an individual to adjust
• Learning
– Hennon: capacity for knowledge and knowledge
possessed
• Neural approaches
– Pinter: modifiability of the nervous system
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Concrete and Abstract Thinking
Concrete Thinking
• Events
• Actions
• Conditions
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Abstract Thinking
• Similarities and
Differences
• Organizations
• Relationships
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Overview of Intelligence(s)
view through 1990 or so…
General
Intelligence
g
“Group
Intelligences”
Specific
Intelligences
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
VerbalPropositional
Intelligence
Word Fluency
Personality: A Systems Approach
Reading
Comprehension
Perceptual
Organizational
Intelligences
Recognizing
Patterns
Completing
Puzzles
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
One View of Intelligence(s) Today
g
Cool
Intelligences
Verbal
Comprehension
Intelligence
Reading
Comprehension
Vocabulary
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Hot
Intelligences
PerceptualOrganizational
Intelligences
Recognizing
Patterns
Completing
Puzzles
Personality: A Systems Approach
Emotional
Intelligence
Recognizing
Emotions
Emotional
Reasoning
Social
Intelligence
Social
Influences
Reasoning
About
Relationships
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Nigel Hunt
• Hunt, Nigel (1967). The world of Nigel Hunt: The Diary of a Mongoloid
Youth. New York: Garrett Publications.
• Parents: Father and mother were both middleclass public school teachers.
• Education: extensive home tutoring of the
most sensitive and creative type. Nigel also
attended his father's school.
• School standing and progress: no details
provided.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Concrete Thinking
•
•
•
•
(Nigel Hunt, Selection 1)
It gives me great pleasure to write this, my very first book.
I hope it will do well in America and in England.
Now I had better introduce myself.
I am Nigel Hunt and I live at 26 Church Avenue, Pinner,
England with my parents.
They are very nice indeed. I was born at Edgware in 1947.
I have never been to America yet. The lady who advised
me to write this was Mrs. Eileen J. Garrett and she says
that I shall be very busy. (cont.)
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Concrete Thinking
Nigel Hunt (Selection 2)
• So it's hallo! Welcome to my first good attempt in making
this book and Douglas Hunt is assisting me. I had a royal
honour in coming to London to see Mrs. Garrett at the
Claridges Hotel and the flags were out for me and I saluted
my own colour. I was educated at many places; at
Longfield Primary School, Inellan School, Pinner, and at
my father's school, Atholl School.
• I have my own typewriter and I taught myself to type.
When I went to London many years ago I made a film with
Prof. Penrose looking at my palms. [One sign of Trisomy21is a particular pattern in the palm] I also smiled at the
camera, and he says it will go to America, and I hope you
have seen it. (cont.)
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Concrete Thinking
• Recalling Nigel Hunt (Selection 3)
• My mother has been so kind tome all my life. My mother
taught me to read. When I was very tiny we used to play
together with plastic letters and a book with huge letters in it. I
learnt the sounds of the letters from my mother as we played.
• After I had learned the sound of every letter mother held things
up and sound-spelt them like "This is a C-U-P" and soon I could
do it all by myself; all our friends were amazed and pleased with
me when I began to read properly from books.
• My mother used to read to me and she would read all the way
through and the title of the book was "Alaplied" which I said
every time my mother came up. [This was actually "he replied".
It was not the title of the book.]
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Concrete Thinking
Hunt (Selection 6)
• One day I was taught good English from Mr. Hunt and
then came the periods. Periods 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on; when
I went there I became independent and polite to all the
boys. Then we had two French teachers.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Abstract Thinking
Alexander Hamilton
• Signer of the Declaration of Independence
• Coauthor of the Federalist Papers
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Abstract Reasoning
As to what you say respecting your soon having the happiness of seeing us
all, I wish an accomplishment of your hopes, provided they are
concomitant with your welfare, otherwise not... To confess my
weakness, Ned, my ambition is prevalent, so that I contemn the
grovelling condition of a clerk or the like, to which my fortune, etc.,
condemns me, and would willingly risk my life, though not my
character, to exalt my station. I am confident, Ned, that my youth
excludes me from any hopes of immediate preferment; nor do I desire
it; but I mean to preface the way for futurity. I'm no philosopher, you
see, and may justly be said to build castles in the air; my folly makes
me ashamed, and I beg you'll conceal it; yet Neddy, we have seen such
schemes successful when the projector is constant…[How old?]
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Example of Abstract Reasoning
• The previously quoted letter from Alexander
Hamilton was written to a school friend when
Hamilton was 12 years, 10 months old.
• Note
–
–
–
–
Virtuousity, developed style of writing
Excellent organization
Sustained theme (wanting greatness)
Application of intelligence to life planning
• Estimated IQ: 135
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Major Intelligences: from Mid 20th Century
• Verbal-Comprehension IQ
– Comprehension: If you find a letter with an
address on it but no stamp, what should you
do?
– Picture Completion
– Similarities: How are a computer and a car
alike?
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Major Intelligences: from Mid 20th Century
• Perceptual-Organizational IQ
– Block Design: Arrange blocks to form an
abstract pattern
– Coding: Learn to copy an abstract symbol next
to another abstract symbol
– Picture Arrangement: Complete a puzzle
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Development and the IQ Score
• Binet noticed his older
daughter better solved
problems than his
younger daughter
• No one had realized
intelligence developed
with age before
• His test was age graded
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
• Year 5:
– Compare 2 boxes of
different weights
– Repeat sentence of 10
syllables
– Count four pennies (sous)
• Year 12:
– Repeat 7 figures
– Find 3 rhymes
– Repeat 26 syllable
sentences
– Interpret the meaning of
pictures
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Development and IQ: Example
• John Stuart Mill
• Philosopher
• Author of “On Liberty” and “Utilitarianism”
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
How is IQ Expressed?
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): First Alban Government: Roman
conquest in Italy. We know not any part, says Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, of the History of Rome till the Sicilian invasions.
Before that time, the country had not been entered by any
foreign invader. After the expulsion of Sicilians, Iberian (?)
kings reigned for several years; but in the time of Latinus,
Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, came to Italy, and
established a kingdom there called Albania. He then succeeded
Latinus in the government, and engaged in the wars of Italy.
The Rutuli, a people living near the sea, and extending along the
Numicius up to the Lavinium, opposed him. However, Turnus
their king was defeated and killed by Aeneas. Aeneas was
killed soon after this. The war continued to be carried on
chiefly against the Rutuli, to the time of Romulus, the first king
of Rome. By him it was that Rome was built.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Expression of IQ
• Preceding passage written at the age of 6 ½
• Estimated IQ: 190
• Grandfather, shoemaker; father, a
philosopher
• Mother, daughter of woman who managed a
lunatic asylum (cont.)
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
John Stuart Mill (Cont.)
• Educated at home
–
–
–
–
–
–
Learned Greek at 3
Read Plato with understanding at 7
At 8 studied Latin
Also at 8, covered geometry and algebra
At 9, conic sections, spherics, and Newton’s arithmetic
Of his math, it was said, “He performed all problems
without the book and most of them without any help
from the book.”
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
The Rate IQ
• The IQ (proposed by Louis Stern)
– IQ = MA/CA x 100
– Intelligence Quotient = Mental Age Divided by
Chronological Age, times One Hundred
• Mental Age = the age-based-scale at which a
person can solve > half the problems
• Example:
– A 6-year-old child (CA = 6)
– Solves problems like the average 8-year-old (MA = 8)
– IQ = 8/6 x 100 = (1.333) x 100 = 133.3
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
The Rate IQ: Drawbacks
• Mental age, by itself, lacks meaning.
• Mental age of 10?
– A five year old will be a genius
– A 20-year-old will seem slow
• The rate IQ has an upper limit at about age
17, when the rate of growth of mental
ability slows down.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
The Deviation IQ: The Alternative
• Introduced by David Wechsler (of the
Wechsler/WAIS tests mid-20th-century)
• Procedure:
– Intelligence levels are compared within a given age
group (e.g., 20-year-olds or six-year-olds).
– The mean is set to 100, the standard deviation to 15
– This closely mimics Rate IQ for those under 17.
• The deviation IQ has now replaced the rate IQ
for use in most IQ testing.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Mental Development and the IQ
The IQ
Distribution
Relative Frequency
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
55
70
85
100
115
Mean = 100
SD = 15
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
130
145
160
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Mental Development and the IQ
The IQ
68%
Distribution
Relative Frequency
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
55
70
85
100
115
Mean = 100
SD = 15
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
130
145
160
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Mental Development and the IQ
The IQ
95%
Distribution
Relative Frequency
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
55
70
85
100
115
Mean = 100
SD = 15
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
130
145
160
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Mental Development and the IQ
The IQ
99%
Distribution
Relative Frequency
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
55
70
85
100
115
Mean = 100
SD = 15
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
130
145
160
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
How is IQ Expressed?
Life Status
Primary school rank in class
Correlation with IQ
r = .50
Secondary school rank in class r = .45-.50
High School grades
r = .60
Freshman GPA
r = .44*
*The r between IQ and SAT’s is .80
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
How is IQ Expressed?
Educational Level
Average IQ
Primary School
100
Secondary School
110
College
118
Professional School
126
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Focus on Hot Intelligences and Creativity
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
What is “hot?”
• “Hot” information is motivational,
emotional, or social information of direct
importance or concern to the individual.
• Hot mental abilities are abilities to process
and cope with such personally meaningful
and important information
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Emotional Intelligence
• First sustained theory and measure of
emotional intelligence (Mayer & Salovey,
1990; Salovey & Mayer, 1990)
• Popularization of emotional intelligence
(Goleman, 1995)
• Huge research endeavor thereafter
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Emotional Intelligence.
• Emotions Are Signals about
Relationships and Related
Actions
• Each emotion means
something and operates in a
particular way.
• An emotion is, in some
sense, like a piece on a
chessboard; each emotion
has its own function and set
of moves.
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Emotional Intelligence.
Emotional
Intelligence
Managing
Emotions
Four Branch
Model of
Emotional
Intelligence
Understanding
Emotions
(Mayer & Salovey, 1997;
Salovey & Mayer, 1990)
Facilitating
Thought
Perceiving
Emotions
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Emotional Intelligence.
The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso
Emotional Intelligence
Test (MSCEIT)
Another Example:
Question: A blend of regret,
sentimental feelings, love,
and loss might lead to
what feeling?
Answer: nostalgia
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
How is Emotional Intelligence Expressed?
• Stronger, closer relationships
• Fewer fights and conflicts
• Less drug abuse, alcohol abuse
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Defining Creativity
• Definition: The ability to come up with
many novel solutions to problems
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
Measuring Creativity
• Alternate Uses
– How many uses can you come up with for a
shoe?
• Verbal Fluency
– What words rhyme with nation?
• Remote Associates
– What goes with: MATE, BANK, & CROSS?
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Causes
• Educational
– 1 year of school = 2 IQ points
– Each time you hear me, your IQ goes up .02 points!
• Biological
– Neural transmission speed studies
• Choice reaction time
– Brain size studies
• Brain scanning results
– IQ is highly heritable
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach
Part 2: Parts of Personality
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
How is Creativity Expressed?
• Greater output of
products (books, poems,
music, scientific
achievements) judged as
creative
• Longer, delayed, career
attainments
• Novel or unusual career
paths
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer
Personality: A Systems Approach