Study Guide for Lecture Exam 2 (Thursday, October 17th)
Paul Nagami - adapted from work by Jennifer Wade
Bi 24
Chapter 6: Muscles
You should be able to...
* List six functions of muscle.
* Describe the main differences between skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and
smooth muscle and explain their functions. Which is/are striated? Which is/are
voluntary?
* Draw a skeletal muscle in cross-section, correctly labeling epimysium, perimysium,
endomysium, fascicles, and individual muscle fibers. Distinguish between myofibrils
and muscle fibers, and name the proteins that make up and move myofibrils (actin and
myosin). Identify where the sarcolemma is, and what cell structure it corresponds to.
* Explain why we have opposing muscle groups, and how extensors and flexors can
work with/against each other to create movement at joints.
* You need to be able to identify what a sarcomere is... but you do not need to know the
different bands.
* Explain how motor units organize the simultaneous contraction of muscle fibers, and
the relationship between motor units and motor neurons.
* Contrast muscle origins and muscle insertions, and state the role played by tendons in
muscle attachment.
* Distinguish between different movements caused by muscle, such as extension, flexion,
adduction, and abduction.
* Identify both the location and the function of the following muscles:
** Frontalis
** Orbicularis oris
** Orbicularis oculi
** Zygomaticus
** Sternocleidomastoid
** Pectoralis major
** Intercostal muscles
** Rectus abdominus
** External obliques
** Transversus abdominus
** Trapezius
** Latissimus dorsi
** Deltoid
** Biceps brachii
** Triceps brachii
** Quadriceps
** Gluteus maximus
** Hamstring group
** Gastrocnemius
Chapter 7: CNS and PNS
You should be able to...
(Describe neurons and how they work:)
* Distinguish between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motorneurons. How are their
roles different?
* Draw and label a neuron connecting to a target cell, identifying the following parts or
molecules and noting their functions:
** Cell body
** Dendrites
** Axon
** Axon terminal
** Myelin (Schwann cells in the PNS, oligodendrocytes in the CNS)
** Synapse / synaptic cleft
** Neurotransmitters
** Neurotransmitter receptor
* Explain, in broad terms, how the flow of sodium (Na+) ions through channels is used
to send messages (action potentials) through the nervous system. Explain why action
potentials never move backwards, and why action potentials are all-or-nothing (i.e., you
cannot have a partial action potential).
* Draw and explain transmission of a message across a synapse. How does exocytosis of
neurotransmitters send a message? How is this neurotransmitter message received?
(Explain the organization of the nervous system:)
* Distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). What are
their roles? Be able to describe the general organization of the nervous system (figure
7.2 in the text)
* Distinguish between the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-anddigest) divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
(Demonstrate a solid grounding in the structure and function of the PNS:)
* Explain how failure of the myelin sheath to wrap axons can lead to multiple sclerosis.
* Draw and describe how signals pass through a reflex arc, and give an example.
(Demonstrate a solid grounding in the structure and function of the CNS:)
*Briefly explain how changes in neuron function, such as loss of oxygen, etc, can lead to
the following conditions:
** Stroke
** Hydrocephalus
** Concussion
** Cerebral edema
** Intercranial hemorrhage
** Aphasia
** Meningitis
* Distinguish between white and gray matter in the brain. What are their respective
roles?
* Explain the medical relevance of the blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
and why physicians may order a spinal tap. Identify the three layers of the meninges:
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, and explain how infections can disrupt
them. Know what is meant by a hematoma at each layer.
* Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and their respective
functions.
* Know the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus.
* Identify and describe the function of the following brain regions/structures:
** The four "segments" of the brain, from the brainstem up:
*** Brain stem
*** Cerebellum
*** Diencephalon
*** Cerebrum
** Corpus callosum
** Primary motor area
** Primary somatic sensory area
Chapter 8: The Senses
You should be able to...
* Distinguish between the special senses (sight, taste, hearing, balance, smell) from the
somatic senses (touch, proprioception)
(Explain structures, functions, and diseases of vision:)
* Be able to identify and describe the function of the following parts of the eye:
** iris
** pupil
** medial commissure
** lateral commissure
** lacrimal glands
** tarsal glands
** sclera
** cornea
** ciliary bodies
** lens
** photoreceptors (rods and cones)
** retina
** fovea centralis
** maculae
* Describe the causes and effects the following eye conditions/diseases:
** colorblindness
** cataracts
** myopia (nearsightedness)
** hyperopia (farsightedness)
** hemianopia (or hemianopsia; same term)
** glaucoma
* Describe how visual information passes from the eye to the brain, and which side of
the brain it is passed to.
(Explain structures, functions, and diseases of hearing and balance:)
* Be able to identify and describe the function of the following parts of the ear:
** auricle
** hair cells
** tympanic membrane
** perilymph
** ossicles
** pharyngotympanic tube
** cochlea
** vestibule
** semicircular canals
* Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium.
* Distinguish between conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness.
(Identify taste and smell-related structures and broadly explain their function:)
** olfactory epithelium
** taste buds
* Be able to name the five basic tastes, and the role that saliva plays in taste.