Alimentary glands
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu
The Liver
Shape －two surfaces

Diaphragmatic surface



Convex and smooth
Divided into right and left
lobes by falciform lig. of
liver
Visceral surface
The Liver
Visceral surface －has a Hshaped fissures and grooves


Cross-bar of H — porta hepatis
Traversed by
 Right and left hepatic ducts
 Left and right branches of
proper hepatic artery and
hepatic portal vein
 Nerves and lymphatic vessels
 These structures which are
surrounded by connective tissue
called hepatic pedicle
Four lobes: left, right, quadrate
and caudate lobes
The Liver


Left limb of H

Anteriorly: fissure for
ligamentum teres hepatis

Posteriorly: fissure for
ligamentum venosum
Right limb of H

Anteriorly: fossa for gallbladder

Posteriorly:

Sulcus for vena cava

Secondary porta of live
The Liver 肝

Inferior border –thin and
sharp

Notch for ligamentum
teres hepatis

Nothch for gallbladder
The Liver

Position:

Most of liver lies in the right
hypochondriac region and
epigastric region

less part extending into the left
hypochondriac region
The Liver
Surface projection

Upper border: on the right
midclavicular line it extends
the level of 5th rib
The Liver
Surface projection

Lower border:



Normally, the right lobe
extends just beneath the
costal margin, it doesn’t
down beyond the costal
margin;
on the anterior median line
its lower border crosses a
point about 3~5cm below
the xiphoid process.
In children, the liver being
larger in proportion to the
body than in the adult stage,
it extends below the costal
arch within in 2cm.
The Liver
The segments of the liver


The segmentation of the liver,
bases upon the principal
divisions of the proper hepatic
artery and accompanying
hepatic ducts and hepatic
portal vein－Glisson system.
The hepatic veins, however do
not follow the same pattern
and vary: their main tributaries
tend to run rather
intersegmental.
Gallbladder

Position :
lies in fossa for gallbladder on
visceral surface of liver

Four parts





Fundus of gallbladder
Surface projection: at the
junction of right
midclavicular line and right
costal arch
Body of gallbladder
Neck of gallbladder
Cystic duct
Function: stores and
concentrate bile
Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
Consists of




Gallbladder
Left and right hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
Biliary duct system


Left and right hepatic
ducts unite outside of
liver to form the
common hepatic duct
Cystic duct joins
common hepatic duct to
form common bile duct
Biliary duct system
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
(ampulla of Vater)


Common bile duct and pancreatic duct
run obliquely through the wall of the
descending part of duodenum where the
two ducts usually unite to form the
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Which rounded by sphincter of
hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter
of Oddi), each has an independent
sphincteric mechanism for regulating
flow, and opens at the major duodenal
papilla
Bile is secreted by the liver cells
Common hepatic duct
Biliary ductuli
Cystic duct
Right and left hepatic ducts
Gallbladder (store, concentrate)
when the fat enters the small intestine,
the gallbladder contracts, the sphincter
of hepatopancreatic ampulla relax
Common bile duct
Major duodenal papilla
Duodenal cavity
Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
The Pancreas
Shape and Position


A soft yellowish lobulated
gland
Lies behind the peritoneum
on the posterior abdominal
wall, roughly at the level of
of L1~L2
The Pancreas
Four parts




Head
 Lies within the cancavity of the Cshaped curvatune of duodenum
 Uncinate process－ a projection
to the left from the lower part of
the head behind the superior
mesenteric vessels.
Neck－narrow part, overlies the
superior mesenteric vessels and
beginning of the portal vein
Body－triangular in cross section,
passes upward ang to the left across
the midline
Tail－extends to the hilum of spleen
in the splenorenal ligament
Cystohepatic triangle
(Calot’s Triangle)

Boundaries




Common hepatic duct on
the left
Cystic duct on the right
Live superiorily
Content: cystic artery
The Pancreas

Pancreatic duct

Main Pancreatic duct



Begins at tail and
throughout gland
Joins common bile duct
before entering descending
part of duodenum at major
duodenal papilla
Accessory pancreatic duct

Opens 2cm above main
duct at lesser duodenal
papilla
The Pancreas
Function
The pancreas is both an exocrine and an endocrine
gland. The exocrine portion of the gland produces a
secretion that contains enzymes that are capable of
hydrolyzing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The
endocrine portion of the gland, the pancreatic islet,
produces the hormones insulin and glucagons that play
a key role in carbohydrate metabolism.