
AZTEC INDIANS OF MEXICO SACRIFICED
HUMANS TO KEEP AWAY EARTHQUAKES
AND TO KEEP SUN ALIVE BY CUTTING OUT
THE HEARTS OF THEIR VICTIMS AND
THROWING THEM INTO VOLCANO

IN WESTERN AFRICA THOUGHT THE
JUNGLE WAS THE HAIR OF A GIANT. ALL
LIVING THINGS THAT CREPT OR CRAWLED
IN THE JUNGLE WERE LIKE LICE IN THE
GIANT’S HAIR. EARTHQUAKES WERE
EXPLAINED AS THE GIANT SHAKING HIS
HEAD TO GET RID OF THE LICE

IN POLYNESIA TWO GODDESSES WERE
FIGHTING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE
PACIFIC. WHEREVER AN EARTHQUAKE
OR VOLCANO OCCURRED, THIS WAS A
BATTLE SITE. WHEN A GODDESS WAS
SPURNED BY A LOVER SHE THREW A
TANTRUM AND LAVA FLOWED

VULCAN WAS THE ROMAN GOD WHO
HAD A FORGE AT THE CENTER OF THE
EARTH TO MAKE WEAPONS FOR THE
GODS. WHENEVER HIS FORGE WAS
WORKING LAVA SPEWED FORTH AT THE
SURFACE.

IN ICELAND VIKING LEGEND TALKS OF
ODIN & FRIGGA AND THEIR BELOVED
SON BALDER. THE GOD OF MISCHIEF,
LOKI, CONSPIRED TO HAVE BALDER
KILLED.
MOUNT VESUVIUS
 MOUNT PELEE - WITH GLOWING CLOUD
(NUEE ARDENTE)
 PARICUTIN
 KRAKATOA








GREAT ALASKA QUAKE OF 1964
GREAT CHINA QUAKE
NEW MADRID QUAKES OF 1811-1812
MISSISSIPPI RIVER STOOD UP ON END
CHURCH BELLS RANG IN BOSTON
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y62Ti5_6s
Pakistan quake of 2006
David H Voorhees




1: M7.7, 16 Dec 1811,
0815Z, NE Arkansas
2: M7.5, MO, 23 Jan
1812,1515Z
3: M7.7, 7 Feb 1812,
0945Z, along Reelfoot
fault MO/TN
200 mod to lg
aftershocks to 1812
› M7.0 16 Dec, 1315Z
› 1800 small

Low Mw ~6.0 ??????
› Hough, 2009



Map of the New Madrid and
Wabash Valley seismic zones.
Red circles indicate
earthquakes that occurred from
1974 to 2002 with magnitudes
larger than 2.5 (University of
Memphis).
Green circles denote
earthquakes that occurred prior
to 1974. Larger earthquakes are
represented by larger circles.
From USGS Fact Sheet 131-02,
"Earthquake Hazard in the Heart
of the Homeland"
Hidden Fury -
http://www.showme.net
/~fkeller/quake/maps.ht
m
USGS 2008
1990 PREDICTED A 50% CHANCE OF
EARTHQUAKE OF 6.5 - 7.5 IN NEW
MADRID BETWEEN DEC. 1-5, 1990
 CLAIMED A GREAT TIDAL STRAIN WOULD
ALSO STRAIN THE SUBSURFACE
 RECEIVED NOTORIETY FOR PREDICTING SF
QUAKE OF 1989

NO FIRM SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR HIS
THEORY
 WAS A BIOLOGIST SPECIALIZING IN
CLIMATOLOGY AND WAS NOT A
GEOLOGIST OR SEISMOLOGIST
 ERRONOUS CLAIM TO FAME FOR
PREDICTING SAN FRANCISCO
EARTHQUAKE OF 1989

TRANSCRIPTS REVEALED BROWNING
PREDICTED AN EARTHQUAKE OF 6.0+
WOULD OCCUR SOMETIME ON OR AROUND
OCT 16TH (ACTUAL QUAKE WAS 17TH)
SOMEWHERE IN WORLD.
 THESE QUAKES HAPPEN EVERY 3 DAYS SO
NOT MUCH OF A FORECAST


THE ONLY GEOLOGIST IN THE NATION
SUPPORTING HIM HAD SHAKEY
REPUTATION. HAD FLOWN OVER THE
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA USING A
PSYCHIC TRYING TO LOCATE AREAS
WHERE AN EARTHQUAKE WOULD STRIKE





THEORY OF
CONTINENTAL
DRIFT & PLATE
TECTONICS
PANGAEA
LAURASIA
GONDWANA
GLOSSOPTERIS
NEW CLIMATES ALONG COASTS
 NEW MOUNTAIN RANGES
 NEW DESERTS
 DRIFTING OF THE POLES
 PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE SIMILARITIES IN
AREAS ONCE UNITED

WEGENER’S HYPOTHESIS WAS NOT READILY
ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT FAILED TO PROVIDE
MECHANISM FOR MOVEMENT
 ARTHUR HOLMES, GEOLOGIST THOUGHT THE
SEA FLOORS WERE DRAGGING ALONG THE
CONTINENTS WHICH RESTED ON TOP OF
THEM


THOUGHT CONVECTION PROCESS
BEGAN BELOW EARTH’S SURFACE WHICH
PUSHED MATERIAL UPWARD TO FORM
RIDGE SYSTEMS ON OCEAN FLOOR.
MATERIAL WIDENS THE OCEANS BY 1 OR 2
INCHES PER YEAR
EQUAL DISTANCE
 EQUAL AGE
 EQUAL THICKNESS
 EQUAL MAGNETIC DIRECTION
 WHAT DOES THIS SUGGEST?

DIVERGENT
 CONVERGENT
 TRANSFORM

FOUND NEAR SPREADING CENTERS & AT
THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE SYSTEMS
 RIFT VALLEYS
 GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA

OCEAN & CONTINENT
 OCEAN & OCEAN
 CONTINENT & CONTINENT

SAN ANDREAS FAULT
 MOVING TO NORTH/NORTHWEST AT A
RATE OF 35 MILLIMETERS PER YEAR

VIBRATION OF THE EARTH PRODUCED BY
THE RAPID RELEASE OF ENERGY ALONG
FAULTS
 THIS ENERGY RADIATES OUTWARD FROM
THE SOURCE OF THE QUAKE KNOWN AS
THE FOCUS

THE AREA ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE FOCUS
 IT IS NOT THE SOURCE OF THE QUAKE

PRODUCED BY THE NEVER ENDING
MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH’S CRUST
 FIND FAULTS AND EARTHQUAKES NEAR
PLATE BOUNDARIES


FORESHOCKS - QUAKES THAT PRECEDE
THE MAIN EARTHQUAKE

AFTERSHOCKS - QUAKES THAT FOLLOW
THE MAIN EARTHQUAKE
SEISMOLOGY
 SEISMOGRAPH
 SEISMOGRAM
 RICHTER SCALE - LOGARITHMIC SCALE
USED TO MEASURE THE ENERGY AND THE
WAVE AMPLITUDE OF THE EARTHQUAKE

ONE MILLION EARTHQUAKES OCCUR
EVERY YEAR
 6.0 OCCURS EVERY THREE DAYS
 ABOVE 8.0 ONCE EVERY 5/10 YEARS
 BELOW 2.5 ARE NOT FELT BUT CAN BE
MEASURED

AN INCREASE OF 1.0 = A 10 TIMES
INCREASE IN WAVE AMPLITUDE AND A
31.5 TIMES INCREASE IN ENERGY
 AN INCREASE OF 2.0 = A 100 TIMES
INCREASE IN AMPLITUDE AND A 992.25
INCREASE IN ENERGY (31.5 X 31.5)

SURFACE WAVES - TRAVEL ALONG
EARTH’S OUTER LAYER
 BODY WAVES - TRAVEL THROUGH
EARTH’S INTERIOR

› PRIMARY WAVES [P WAVES] - COMPRESS &
EXPAND ROCKS IN THE DIRECTION WAVE
TRAVELS
› SECONDARY WAVES [S WAVES] - SHAKE THE
PARTICLES AT RIGHT ANGLES TO DIRECTION
OF TRAVEL

P WAVES ARRIVE AHEAD OF S WAVES.
THE GREATER THE DISTANCE AWAY FROM
EPICENTER THE LONGER THE TIME SPAN
FROM P WAVE TO S WAVE. USE TRAVEL
TIME GRAPHS FROM 3 OR MORE
DIFFERENT STATIONS [TRIANGULATION] &
THE INTERSECTING POINT IS THE EPICENTER
ASSESSES DAMAGE FROM A QUAKE AT A
SPECIFIC LOCATION
 I - NOT FELT
 II - FELT ONLY ON UPPER FLOORS
 VI - HEAVY FURNITURE MOVED
 X - MOST FRAME STRUCTURES DESTROYED
 XII - DAMAGE TOTAL


PHENOMENA THAT PRECEDE & THUS
PROVIDE A WARNING OF A
FORTHCOMING EARTHQUAKE
› UPLIFT, SUBSIDENCE, AND STRAIN IN THE
ROCKS NEAR ACTIVE FAULTS
› PECULIAR BEHAVIOR
CORE - SOLID INNER MADE UP OF IRON
AND LIQUID OUTER CORE
 MANTLE - LOWER IS A MIXTURE OF IRON,
MAGNESIUM, AND SILICATES. UPPER
MANTLE IS RIGID. UPPERMOST MANTLE IS
WHERE THE LITHOSPHERE BEGINS
 CRUST - SOLID EARTH SURFACE


THE BOUNDARY SEPARATING THE CRUST
FROM THE MANTLE , DISCERNIBLE BY AN
INCREASE IN SEISMIC VELOCITY

THE OUTERMOST RIGID UNIT [CRUST &
UPPERMOST MANTLE] OF THE EARTH
AVERAGING ABOUT 100 KILOMETERS [62
MILES] IN THICKNESS. THICKER OVER THE
CONTINENTS & THINNER OVER THE
OCEAN BASINS
BENEATH THE LITHOSPHERE TO A DEPTH
OF ABOUT 660 KILOMETERS [410 MILES].
TOP PART HAS MELTED ALLOWING
LITHOSPHERE TO EFFECTIVELY DETACH
FROM THE ASTHENOSPHERE BELOW
 IMPORTANT FOR PLATE TECTONICS
THEORY

FOLDING - THE COMPRESSION OF ROCK
 SYNCLINES ARE DOWNFOLDS OF ROCK
 ANTICLINES ARE UPFOLDS OF ROCK


FRACTURES IN ROCK INVOLVING
DISPLACEMENT OF ROCK ON ONE SIDE
WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHER

A JOINT IS A FRACTURE WITHOUT
DISPLACEMENT

STRESSES PULL CRUSTAL ROCK APART
CREATING MORE HORIZONTAL SPACE

ONE BLOCK RIDING OVER THE OTHER
COMPRESSING IT INTO SMALLER
HORIZONTAL SPACE

HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT SUCH AS IN A
TRANSFORM FAULT
GRABEN - SUNKEN BLOCKS BETWEEN
USUALLY PARALLEL NORMAL FAULTS AS IN
A RIFT VALLEY
 HORST - A BLOCK RAISED BETWEEN
REVERSE FAULTS

LAVA
 MAGMA
 PYROCLASTICS

› LAPILLI -
WALNUT-SIZED
› CINDERS - PEASIZED
› BLOCK
MAGMA’S COMPOSITION
 TEMPERATURE
 AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED GASES


THESE FACTORS AFFECT THE MAGMA’S
VISCOSITY OR THICKNESS. MORE
VISCOUS LAVA EQUALS MORE VIOLENT
ERUPTION
SUBDUCTION BOUNDARIES
 SEA FLOOR SPREADING CENTERS
 HOT SPOTS
 LOIHI


EFFUSIVE ERRUPTIONS ARE GENTLE
USUALLY CONSISTING OF LAVA. THEY
PRODUCE SHIELD VOLCANOES WHICH
ARE VERY BROAD GENTLY SLOPING
CRATERS SUCH AS WE HAVE IN HAWAII

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS CAN PRODUCE
TWO TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES. IF THE
MATERIAL IS SOLELY PYROCLASTICS, A
CINDER CONE IS PRODUCED. THIS IS A
SMALL STEEPLY SLOPED CRATER

IF THE ERUPTION ALTERNATES BETWEEN
PRODUCING LAVA AND PYROCLASTICS,
A COMPOSITE CONE OR STRATO
VOLCANO IS PRODUCED. IN THESE THERE
ARE ALTERNATING LAYERS OF LAVA AND
PYROCLASTIC
PAHOEHOE - HOTTEST (2000 DEGREES F)
AND HAS SMOOTH AND ROPEY TEXTURE
 AA - COOLER (1800 DEGREES F) AND IS
JAGGED AND BLOCKY
 CLINKERS - 1600 DEGREES F, GETS ITS
NAME FROM ITS SOUND

CALDERA (KETTLE) - BASIN SHAPED
DEPRESSION - VALLE GRANDE IN NEW
MEXICO OR CRATER LAKE, OREGON
 PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
 NUEE ARDENTE – MT PELEE








PLUG DOMES
VOLCANIC NECKS - SHIPROCK, NM
DIKE RIDGE
SILL
LACCOLITH - A MASSIVE IGNEOUS BODY
INTRUDED BETWEEN PRE-EXISTING STRATA
BATHOLITH – EROSION EXPOSED MASS
LAHAR - MUDFLOWS
PRODUCES EXCELLENT AGRICULTURAL
SOILS
 HELPS TO FORM METALLIC ORES
 PRODUCES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 ADDS GASES TO OUR ATMOSPHERE
 ADDS CONDENSATION SURFACES
 http://employee.heartland.edu/rdenniso
/easc121tr2.html


How will you do?
A. Indirect Evidence
 B. Actual Remains
 C. Sedimentation
 D. Imprint
 Correct Response
 C. Sedimentation


A. Continental rocks are heavier than
ocean rocks
B. Granite is a type of ocean rock
C. Basalt is heavier than Granite
D. Continental rocks are called sima
Correct response

C. basalt is heavier than granite




A. Intrusive
 B. Extrusive
 C. Silicates
 D. None of these
 Correct response


B. extrusive
A. marble
 B. sandstone
 C. mica
 D. granite
 Correct response?


D. granite
A. divergent
 B. convergent
 C. transform
 D. Spreading center
 Correct response?


C. transform
A. a jagged and blocky type of lava
 B. cooler than aa
 C. smooth and ropey textured lava
 D. the name of the new Hawaiian Island
 Correct response


C. smooth and ropey textured lava
A. calderas
 B. plug domes
 C. dike ridges
 D. laccoliths
 Correct response?


A. calderas
A. his work in plate tectonics
 B. his work as a seismologist
 C. his faulty New Madrid prediction
 D. A & B are true
 Correct response?


C. his faulty NM prediction
A. The past has nothing to do with the
present
 B. Physical processes today also
occurred in the past
 C. The rate of stream erosion today is the
same as it was in the geologic past
 D. Catastrophism is different from it

A. igneous rocks are formed by the
lithification process
 B. metamorphic rocks have undergone
heat, pressure, & chemical change
 C. sedimentary rocks are formed as
magma cools and solidifies
 D. metamorphic rocks are the only rocks
that contain fossils
