Revision sheets C1
element
compound
Mixture= 2 or more different atoms not bonded
Periodic table
1
Period 1
Period 2
3
4
5
6
3. Test for CO2
Calcium hydroxide reacts with CO2
To make calcium carbonate which
Makes limewater go cloudy
2.Quicklime + water
slaked lime
Calcium oxide + water
calcium hydroxide
CaO
+ H2 O
Ca(OH)2
5.Cement= limestone + clay + heat
Limestone found
At quarries-explosives used
Causes-noise/air pollution
Scars landscape
Quarrying good for
Local economy/jobs
tourism
6. concrete= cement+ gravel+sand+water
7. glass= limestone+sand+ sodium carbonate+heat
Extraction methods
Iron ore= haematite
An alloy is a mixture of metal
and other elements
Properties that can changeStrength, appearance, hardness,
Resistance to corrosion
When heated
Properties..
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•
•
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Good conductors of heat/electricity
Strong/hard
Dense/heavy
Malleable(bent into shape)
High melting points
Blast furnace
Extraction of iron
Copper
Used in water pipes
As doesn’t corrode
Used as electrical wires
As good conductor
Titanium/aluminium
Very useful because
Strong but lightweight
Resist corrosion
Carbon reduces iron
Oxide to iron
Usually recycle aluminium to save money
This works because, each fraction has a different
Boiling point
Crude
oil
Formula= CnH2n +2
Some fractions take a long time
to cool, so rise to top
Ease at which
It turns into gas
Clear
colour
High
volatility
1 = complete combustion
2 = incomplete combustion
Low
volatility
Dark
colour
(Viscous – gooey, sticky (syrup is viscous))
Alkane names=methane, ethane, propane, butane
Pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane
New fuels- ethanol-Made from plants-renewable-Carbon neutral-as takes-in as much
CO2 in-photosynthesis As it gives-out-when burnt
cracking
Large alkanes are not very useful to use, so they are
broken down into smaller ones, like petrol, using a
process called cracking.
Cracking requires a catalyst so the process is called
catalytic cracking.
Alkanes are saturated
they have no carbon to carbon
double bonds.
Thermosoftening plastics
C10H22  C2H4 + C3H8 + C5H10 e.g of cracking reaction
The products must either be alkanes (have a formula
of CnH2n+2 or alkenes CnH2n)
Test for unsaturated alkenes.
Add bromine water. it will change
From yellow/orange to colourless
Alkenes are unsaturated.
They have carbon to
carbon double bonds.
There are weak intermolecular forces between the
plastics
chains. These plastics are soft and melt when heated.
An example is low density polythene (LDPE). They
Disposal of polymers
are used to make plastic bags.
1 landfill sites- fill up as plastics usually not biodegradable
2. burning- releases CO2- leads to global warming
3. recycling- best option as saves money, energy
Thermosetting plastics
There are crosslinks between the chains. This means
that the intermolecular forces are strong.
Thermosetting plastics are hard and do not melt. An
example of a thermosetting plastic is high density
polythene (HDPE). Use= buckets
We can make polymers using alkenes. The alkene
molecule (for example ethane) is called a monomer
(mono means 1, mer means part). It makes up 1 part
of the plastic
polymerisation
When alkenes are turned into polymers, their carbon
to carbon double bond breaks
When these monomers are bonded together in a huge
chain, they are called polymers (poly means many,
mer means part.)
Biofuels
Renewable- can be replaced /regrown
Do not add any more CO2 to atmosphere
Carbon neutral
No sulphur dioxide produced
More biodegradable than diesel
Plants produce glucose using photosynthesis…..some glucose changed to oils
6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water)  C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)
We can saturate vegetable oils using a process called
hydrogenation. Unsaturated oils are passed over a
nickel catalyst with hydrogen at 60oC. This process
is used to make margarine. We can also said that the
oils have been hardened. It is an addition reaction
Oil and water don’t mix. They are immiscible.
Substances that do mix are miscible.
We have an emulsion when we have small droplets
of oil mixed in with water. However, since oil and
water don’t mix, eventually, this emulsion separates
again. E.g include ice-cream, milk, mayo, sauces
We keep oil and water mixed by adding an
emulsifier. Emulsifiers have a part that mixes with
water and a part that mixes with oil. Egg yolk is an
emulsifier
Oil droplets remain separate
Vegetable oils
Full of energy
Extracted by crushing, pressing
Or distillation
Chromatography( use to separate colours)
Chromatography is used to separate substances. It works
because different substances dissolve better in water than
others. The more soluble they are in the solvent, the further
they travel up the paper
A and C contain the same 2 dyes
B contains 3 dyes
D contains at least 1 insoluble dye
E100s range – colours additives
E200s range – preservatives. Keeps food longer
E300s range – Antioxidants. Stops food reacting with
oxygen
E400s range – Emulsifiers, stabiliers and thickeners
E500s range – Acidity regulators
E600s range - Flavourings
Almost solid, but flows slowly
liquid
solid
Lithosphere
Dense
Iron and nickel
Pangea
1 massive
continent
Used in light
bulbs
All noble gases:
Are gases at room temperature
Exist as single atoms (monatomic)
Do not react with anything
Plate
tectonics
This is because the Earth’s crust and Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton
upper mantle are split into tectonic Xenon, Radon
plates. These plates travel along
Group 8/0 of periodic table
convection currents caused by heating Neon – Used in lighting,
from radioactive materials. This caused glows with high voltage
continental drift.
Evidence of continental drift
atmosphere
Fault lines
Initially thought They where formed
By the shrinking of The earth’s crust
volcano
mountain
Earthquake ( occur randomly
on fault lines)
If earthquakes form under the ocean,
then it will form a tidal wave called a
tsunami.
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•
Continents fit together
Same fossils found on each continent
Atmosphere
before
18/20%
Atmosphere
now
78/80%