Module 8 Review
THIS REVIEW WILL HELP YOU IN MANY
WAYS!
1. WILL HELP YOU STUDY FOR THE DBA FOR
MODULE 8
2. WILL HELP YOU STUDY FOR THE MODULE 8
EXAM
3. CAN HELP YOU STUDY AND PREPARE FOR
THE SECOND SEGMENT EXAM
8.01 Roots of the Cold War
 In a cold war, the two combatants do not fight militarily. Instead, they attack one other
economically and ideologically. The divisions between the United States and the Soviet
Union emerged from a conflict of ideology and interests. The Soviet Union was invested
in the concept of communism (Karl Marx): state control of the means of production (jobs,
media, housing, etc). In other words, wealth should be owned by the country. The United
States, on the other hand, advocated a free-market capitalist approach and democracy. It
felt that private investment would stimulate markets and lead to larger prosperity around
the world.
 The United States and the Soviet Union had very different foreign policies.
- Soviet Union Foreign Policy: 1.They wanted to keep their homeland safe from foreign
attack 2.They wanted to spread communism to as many other countries as they could. They
spread communism eastward causing an “Iron Curtain” (a divide) between Eastern and
Western Europe
- U.S. Foreign Policy: President Truman pursued a reactionary policy of containing
communism simply called containment . This was the idea that the United States could use
a series of foreign policy tools to prevent communism from spreading to places it hadn’t
been before, especially in decolonized countries. Truman reasoned that poor, hungry, and
desperate people were more likely to accept a totalitarian government that promised to meet
their needs. Comfortable, well-fed, happy people would be less likely to comply. This came
to be called the Truman Doctrine (contain and challenge communism, and help weaker
countries; it led directly to the Marshall Plan that helped to rebuild Europe). Soviets viewed
this as America being imperialistic.
Cold War Map
8.01 continued
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After WWII, Germany and the city of Berlin were divided into West Germany (supported by the
U.S.) and East Germany was a satellite nation of the S.U. NATO supported West Germany while
East Germany was a part of the Warsaw Pact (S.U. and communist treaty)
Stalin, one leader of the S.U. had little concern for human rights and would kill any one who
opposed his views. As a result, the S.U. often thought America hypocritical during our Civil
Rights Movement.
The Space Race: the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States spread to
space when the Soviets launched the world's first artificial satellite into orbit around Earth. The
launch of Sputnik, as it was called, surprised and frightened the western world because most in
the U.S. had not thought the Soviets capable of producing such technology. In return, the U.S.
government created NASA. In the meantime, the Soviets already placed a man in space and next
the US put men on the moon. It was a race to space competition during this time.
The Arms Race: With the possibility that a cold war could turn into a hot war at any time, both
sides built up huge stockpiles of conventional and unconventional weapons. Each side hoped to
become so mighty militarily that the other side would never dare strike. The effect, however, was
that the weapons each side developed became more and more destructive. When the Soviets
developed their own atomic bomb in 1949, the U.S. felt compelled to respond. President Truman
authorized the development of a hydrogen bomb, a more powerful weapon than an atomic
bomb. The SU built theirs next. By 1961, the combined nuclear arsenals of the two sides were
enough to destroy all life on Earth.
Throughout the 1950s, Americans prepared for a possible nuclear war. Public buildings with
basements were designated as community bomb shelters. In school, students practiced air raid
drills, just as you practice fire drills. At the sound of a special siren, students and adults would go
down to a basement, crouch in the hallway with their arms over their heads. The U.S.
government put out comic books and short videos showing a turtle hiding in its shell to teach
children how to "Duck and Cover" if a bomb was coming. This had a serious psychological effect.
8.02 Modern China
 Soon after Mao Zedong and the Communist Party gained control of China he sought to
catch up with both the agricultural and industrial gains of Western nations. Mao decided
that China’s large work force could be used to achieve rapid industrialization. His plan
came to be called the Great Leap Forward. This plan proved to be one of the most ironically
named movements in history because of its disastrous results.
 The government grouped farms into giant communes, containing about 5,000 households
each. The communes were then tasked to build "backyard furnaces" to produce steel
throughout China. However, the steel created by these furnaces was inferior. In addition,
officials implemented the commune plan too rapidly, which contributed to the inefficiency.
Then a series of natural disasters hit China. All of these factors combined to greatly disrupt
Chinese agriculture. Famine killed about 30 million people from 1959 to 1962.
 During the 1960s, the Communist Chinese government became divided between radicals
and moderates. The radicals wanted to uphold the ideals of communism and strive for a
classless society. The moderates emphasized modernization and viewed the goals of the
radicals as unrealistic. Mao supported the radicals, who gained the upper hand in the
government. With Mao as their leader, the radicals began a movement called the Cultural
Revolution. This approach attempted to achieve the ideals of communism by eliminating
opposition to Mao. Some were thrown in jail, fired from their jobs, or forced into different
positions if they criticized the communist government. Mao believed that you “learn
revolution by making revolution” which ultimately led to an attack on people’s personal
liberties.
 When Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took over and he allowed farmers more responsibility for
their work and for their profits. He also lessened governmental control of industry.
Because of these changes, agricultural production soared. Believed more in free enterprise.
8.03 Proxy Wars
 Although the United States and Soviet Union never met on a traditional
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battlefield, they still fought for decades around the world. Instead of traditional
battles, the Cold War was fought through proxy wars: wars in which the
belligerents (states or nation at war) were substitutes for the United States and
the Soviet Union.
The U.S. feared that communism would spread, increase the influence of the
Soviet Union, and threaten U.S. interests. As a result, the United States adopted
a policy of containment, in which they tried to prevent new countries from
becoming communist and supported capitalist states against communist threats.
For this reason, the U.S. became involved in many proxy wars; most notably:
Korea and Vietnam. The U.S. only pulled out of Vietnam will public protests and
popularity for the war at home waned.
Also, the United States sponsored the contras in Nicaragua because they hoped
they would defeat the Sandinistas. Also, the U.S. created a military blockade to
stop the delivery of Soviet weapons to Cuba.
Cuba had a strong relationship with the S.U. as they. had previously supported
Castro’s attempts to promote communism in the Americas. Cuba likewise
partnered with the S.U. during the Cuban Missile Crisis and it was also in Cuba
where the US was humiliated with the failed Bay of Pigs mission (entering
trained insurgents into Cuba).
Both the US and the S.U. strategized themselves into Africa as well to support
their political influence there as well.
8.04 The Iron Curtain Comes Down (fall of the
S.U.)
 The Soviet Union had extended its hand and had taken over many
Eastern European countries. In the 1980s, these countries started
to protest and rebel against the Soviet Union causing upheaval.
Czechoslovakia started to rid their communist party through
student and popular protests. In Poland, an independent trade
union, “Solidarity”, paved the way for privately owned business. In
Latvia, Stalin and Lenin’s communist ideals were no longer
supported by the people. The Eastern Bloc countries finally gained
their independence as the Soviet Union broke apart.
 In Berlin, Germany, the Berlin wall was taken down where the
residents of communist East Berlin could finally travel to the more
prosperous and democratic West Berlin. It was a celebrated event.
 Overall, the reach of the Soviet Union was unable to effectively
support itself economically and with that combined with the
rebellions in the Eastern Bloc countries and new Soviet leaders
implementing more open-ness and freedom, the Soviet Union
collapsed.
8.05 New Nationalism
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Israel: In the early 20th century, many Jews became part of the Zionist Movement, which believes that
the Bible promises Jews a homeland in Israel. Also, many believed this would resolve many problems
with Anti-Semitism. Supported by the U.S. and other countries, Israel declared its independence in
1948 and has had a long road of conflict with Palestinian Arabs and neighboring countries due to many
being displaced from their homes. An example would be the Yom Kippur War which ultimately
furthered U.S. support of Israel. U.S. supply of weapons and money to Israel has been a long time
criticism by Palestinians. In fact, the Palestine Liberation Organization, or PLO, which has assumed the
role of a Palestinian government, with Yasser Arafat at its head blames Palestinian occupation on
“western aggression”. Arafat militated for a Palestinian state, which earned him a reputation as a
terrorist. At times, peace talks have been started such as at the Camp David Accords, but conflict
remains today.
Cuba saw a reawakening with Castro bringing communism to Cuba and East Timor won
independence from Indonesia in 2002.
Egypt: Gamal Abdel Nasser helped start the republic of Egypt. He was the country's first president.
Nasser was a pan-Arabist who believed that all Muslim nations should unite in cooperation to achieve
their aims. He seized control of the Suez canal, a major waterway, to nationalize it as part of Egypt.
Cyprus: Who has power over this island nation is still disputed by Turkey and Greece
Haiti: Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier became Haiti's first president. His dictatorial regime was long and
infamous for its brutality and resulted in many fleeing the island.
Spain:. In 1975, many Basques–who speak an ancient language and are culturally different from the
Spaniards–began to stage protests calling for local autonomy from the Spanish government. In
response, Spain granted some aspects of self-rule. They have limited and local autonomy (self-rule).
India: Jawaharlal Nehru was a leader of the Indian independence movement and a close associate of
Gandhi. He became the first president of independent India. Significance: Nehru was one of the first
leaders to start an independence movement in India. He also helped to establish a democracy in India
and worked to improve living standards.
Kashmir: Turmoil mainly due to religious conflict.
8.06 Globalization
 World War II's end meant an economic boom for the United States. The
economic boom also led to a baby boom. When soldiers returned from
active duty, they began to settle down and start families. These new and
growing families needed places to live. As a result, suburbs outside of
cities began to grow-but they lacked racial diversity. Also, an economic
boom in Europe increased the standard of living and Japan recovered
quickly after WWII by adopting educational and economic reforms. The
world was ready for globalization.
 Globalization refers to the way that the individual nations of the world
are becoming more connected to each other. It helps international
investment and business. After WWII immigration and especially
international trade led people to become more connected which led to
cultural diffusion. Immigrants from former imperial nations moved to
city centers. Culture was shared. Cultural Diffusion is the borrowing of
traits such as languages, values, and material objects between various
cultures. This is fueled by increased exposure to the movies, television
programs, music, books, foods, and clothing styles of other countries.
Examples of cultural diffusion would be an American eating Sushi or a
baseball game in Japan. A country trying to hold on to their own
traditions (clothing, language, food, etc.) is a barrier to cultural diffusion.
Globalization Continued (8.06)
 Today countries are categorized as either developed or developing
nations. Developing nations tend to have less developed
infrastructure and a low GDP. Developed countries tend to build
factories or outsource to developing nations due to the low wage
workforce and cheaper production costs. However, a main criticism
of this is that it decreases the quality of services.
 Today, there are also trading agreements and organizations that help
bring about globalization and easier trading. The European Union
(EU) is the world’s largest trading bloc and even have their own
currency. There are some criticisms that Turkey is not allowed in and
many claim its because they are a predominately Muslim nation. The
North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is between Canada,
the US and Mexico and is a trade agreement for easier trade. Many
criticize that large corporations are benefiting from cheap labor and
many labor unions in the US are unhappy because they often get left
out. The Union of South American Nations (UNSUR) is similar to the
EU but does not have a single currency.
8.07 Invisible Warfare
 Terrorism is the act of using the fear of violence or disruption in order to
accomplish certain political, national, or religious goals. It is invisible
because the victims of attacks usually have no warning and no immediate
knowledge of the attacker, it is not a traditional war fought between 2
countries. Terrorism is often targeted on civilians to make more of an
impact.
 An example of terrorism is the 9/11/2001 attacks on the United States. The
response to that and to terrorism in general has been an international
effort. The United Nations passed a resolution encouraging nations to work
together to fight terrorism. President George W. Bush declared that he
would "make no distinction between those who committed these acts and
those who harbor them.” He was referring to Afghanistan and in fact, the
US invaded the country within months of the 9/11 attack. As a result, the
Taliban fell from power in the country, an event that has sparked hopes for
women of the country to become for free and active.
Invisible Warfare Continued (8.07)
 Terrorism is often blamed on religious fundamentalists (or
extremists). The attacks carried out by fundamentalists in the
Middle East has caused instability in the region. In 1988,
religious fundamentalists attacked an American embassy on a
date that symbolized their rejection of US influence. In fact,
some blame the US involvement in the Persian Gulf War as an
event that fueled terrorism because of extremists’ criticism of
US involvement and influence in the Middle East at the time.
 Other examples of terrorism include Ireland vs. Northern
Ireland where tensions are rooted in politics and religion. The
Kashmir region sees conflict due to colonialism, geography,
and religion. And in Spain, the group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
(ETA) is a Spanish nationalist group from the Basque Country
with the goal of achieving independence for the Basque people
from Spain. In 1961, ETA began a series of attacks that killed
hundreds of people over the next four decades