Cells
Animal and Plant Cells
Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Two Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Plant
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
Supports & protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
In nucleus
Made of DNA
Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
Gel-like mixture
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials around in
cell
Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
Each cell contains
thousands
Make proteins
Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
Protein 'packaging
plant'
Move materials within
the cell
Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
Contains water
solution
Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Chloroplast
Usually found in plant
cells
Contains green
chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis
takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Division
MITOSIS
Mitosis
The process of cell division which
results in the production of two
daughter cells from a single parent
cell.
The daughter cells are identical to
one another and to the original
parent cell.
Mitosis can be divided into stages
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase & Cytokinesis
Interphase
The cell prepares for division
Animal Cell
DNA replicated
Organelles replicated
Cell increases in size
Interphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Prophase
The cell prepares for nuclear division
Animal Cell
Packages DNA into
chromosomes
Prophase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Metaphase
The cell prepares chromosomes for
division
Animal Cell
Chromosomes line up at
the center of the cell
Spindle fibers attach
from daughter cells to
chromosomes at the
centromere
Metaphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
Animal Cell
Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
½ of each chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to each
daughter cell
Anaphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Telophase
The cytoplasm divides
Animal Cell
DNA spreads out
2 nuclei form
Cell wall pinches in
to form the 2 new
daughter cells
Telophase
Animal Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Plant Cell
Mitosis Animation
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Cell Specialization
http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgene
tics/cellspecialization/
cell specialization is an adaptation to do a particular job
in a cell
Examples: lung cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood
cells, bone cells
Stem Cells
Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are
able to differentiate into specialized cell types.
Two Types of Stem Cells:
Adult stem cells exist throughout the body after
embryonic development and are found inside of
different types of tissue.
Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or fiveday-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of
development.