Biology: The
Study of Life!
Living Organisms
Living Vs. Non-Living
 Can
you classify something that is living
versus something that is non-living?
The Characteristics of all Living
Organisms
 What
makes something “alive”?
 All living things have





Cellular organization
Contain similar chemicals
Use energy
Respond to their surroundings
Grow, develop, and reproduce
Cellular Organization
 Cell-
the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism
 Organisms can be:


Unicellular- single celled
Multicellular- composed of many cells
The Chemicals of Life
 Water
 Carbohydrates
(main energy source)
 Proteins and lipids (the building blocks of
cells)
 Nucleic acids (genetic material)
Energy use, Growth and
Development
 Living
organisms need energy to do
everything!!
 Growth- to become larger
 Development- the process of change
that occurs to produce a more complex
organism
 Reproduction- to produce offspring
Responding to Surroundings
 Stimuli-
changes in temperature, light,
sound, and other factors
 Response- an action or change in
behavior
The Needs of Living Things
 What




do you need to live?
Water
Food
Living Space
Stable internal conditions
 Homeostasis-
the maintenance of stable
internal conditions
Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Two Types of Cells
•
•
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
 Do
not have structures
surrounded by
membranes
 Few internal structures
 One-celled organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
 Contain
organelles surrounded by membranes
 Most living organisms
Plant
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Cell
Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
 Outer
membrane of
cell that controls
movement in and out
of the cell
 Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
 Most
commonly
found in plant cells
& bacteria
 Supports & protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
 Directs
cell activities
 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
 Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
 Surrounds
nucleus
 Made of two layers
 Openings allow
material to enter
and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
 In
nucleus
 Made of DNA
 Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
 Inside
nucleus
 Contains RNA to
build proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
 Gel-like
mixture
 Surrounded by cell membrane
 Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Moves
materials
around in cell
 Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
 Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded
in surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
 Each
cell contains
thousands
 Make proteins
 Found on ribosomes
& floating
throughout the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
 Produces
energy
through chemical
reactions – breaking
down fats &
carbohydrates
 Controls level of water
and other materials in
cell
 Recycles and
decomposes proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
 Protein
'packaging
plant'
 Move materials
within the cell
 Move materials out
of the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
 Digestive
'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
 Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for
removal
 Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
 Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and
waste removal
 Contains water
solution
 Help plants
maintain shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Chloroplast
 Usually
found in
plant cells
 Contains green
chlorophyll
 Where
photosynthesis
takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell
Division
MITOSIS
Mitosis
The process of cell division
which results in the
production of two daughter
cells from a single parent cell.
The daughter cells are
identical to one another and
to the original parent cell.
Mitosis can be divided into stages
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase & Cytokinesis
Interphase
The cell prepares for division
 Animal



Cell
DNA replicated
Organelles replicated
Cell increases in size
Interphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Prophase
The cell prepares for nuclear
division
 Animal

Cell
Packages DNA into
chromosomes
Prophase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Metaphase
The cell prepares
chromosomes for division
 Animal


Cell
Chromosomes line
up at the center of
the cell
Spindle fibers
attach from
daughter cells to
chromosomes at
the centromere
Metaphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
 Animal


Cell
Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
½ of each
chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell
Anaphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Telophase
The cytoplasm divides
 Animal
 DNA
Cell
spreads out
 2 nuclei form
 Cell wall pinches
in to form the 2
new daughter
cells
Telophase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Mitosis Animation
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
Animal Mitosis Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase