Chapter 1
Intro to A&P
 Anatomy
(structures) & Physiology (functions
of structures)
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*Structure of a part dictates the function
Loss of structure = loss of function
Pathophysiology = physiology gone bad
 Levels
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of Organization:
Atom- Molecule- Cell- Tissue- Organ- Organ
System- Organism
Organization determines structure > function
Characteristics of Life
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Homeostasis- “ Staying the same”
 protection
of our cell by internal environment
to keep constant
 Ex: BP, HR, Respiration, O2/CO2
 Control
of:
-there are constant stressors- heat, cold,
O2, blood glucose
 thermostat in room- in body it is the
hypothalamus
Regulation
 Auto regulation (intrinsic)

Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ
 Extrinsic
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3
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Regulation
controlled by feedback systems
(nervous (short term)/endocrine (long
term hormones)
main players of Homeostasis:
Receptor-receives stimulus
Control center- processes signal
Effector- carries instructions
Homeostasis
continued
Feedback system:
1)Negative- reverse original stimulus, return conditions to normal
*most all body systems are neg.
Examples:
a) temperature maintenance in hot July
a. Receptor- thermoreceptors in skin
b. control center- hypothalamus
c. effector- sweat glands
*muscle cells in walls of blood vessels relax and
dilate > blood flows closer to skin surface to release heat and body
sweats
b)Dehydration on hot day
a. receptor- osmoreceptors in skin
b. control center- hypothalamus
c. effector- increased secretion of ADH
*conserves water in body
2)Positive- enhance the original stimulus (feed forward)
ex: uterine contractions & scab formation
 Systems
work together to maintain
homeostasis

State of Equilibrium
 Dynamic


Equilibrium- continual adaptation
Systems work to restore balance
Failure results in disease or death
Homeostatic Imbalances
 1)
disorder- abnormal function
 2) disease- more specific term for illness,
set of signs and symptoms
 3) local vs. systemic
 4) signs- objective changes (measurable)
– blood pressure, temp
 5) symptoms- subjective changes
(feeling)- nausea, pain, fatigue
Organ Systems- Know organs
and functions pg 8-9
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1) Integumentary
2) Skeletal
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
5) Endocrine
6) Circulatory
7) Respiratory
8) Digestive
9) Urinary
10) Reproductive
11) Lymphatic
Direction Terms- Pg 17
 Anatomical
Positionface forward, palms
forward
Body Sections- pg 18

1)Sagittal- parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body
or organ, right and left sides
a.Midsagittal- equal parts, through the middle
b.Parasagittal- to the right or left, not equal parts
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2)Transverse or cross section- right angles to
longitudinal axis, divides into inferior and superior parts
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3)Coronal or frontal- divides into dorsal and ventral,
ant and post. In humans (front and back)
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4) Oblique- cut at an angle
Body Cavities and Organs in them (viscera)
1)Axial- head, neck, and trunk
a. dorsal
1.cranial- brain
2.vertebral- spinal cord and backbones
b.ventral
1. thoracic- lungs and mediastinum (separates right
and left), heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus
*separation by diaphragm
2. abdominopelvica. abdominal- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder,
and the small and large intestines
b. pelvic- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and
internal reproductive organs
2)Appendicular- upper and lower limbs
Membranes
1)Pleural
a. parietal- wall of lungs
b.visceral- lungs
2) Pericardial- heart
epicardium- heart’s actual surface
3) Peritoneal- abdominopelvic cavity
a. parietal- walls
b. visceral- each organ

Abdominopelvic cavity contains peritoneal
cavity, a space lined by serous membrane
known as the peritoneum
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Retroperitoneal- organs that lie between the
peritoneal linking & the muscular wall of
abdominal cavity
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Parietal peritoneum-lines inner surface of body
wall
Visceral peritoneum- covers enclosed organs
Ex: kidneys
Infraperitoneal- lie inferior to peritoneal cavity
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Ex: bladder, distal large intestine
Smaller cavities in the head
 1)
Oral- mouth
 2) Nasal- nose
 3) Orbital- eye
 4) Middle ear