ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
Objective
 To name body system and functions
 Identify body cavities
 List the divisions of the back and analyze new
term related to organs and tissue.
BODY SYSTEMS
The body is composed of
1. Cells e.g muscle, nerve, skin
2. Tissues e.g muscle tissue, epethalial tissue
3. Organ e.g stomach
4. Systems e.g digestive tract
There are 11 systems of the body,
1. Circulatory system
2. Lymphatic system
3. Digestive system
4. Endocrine system
5. Female and male reproductive system
6. Musculoskeletal system
7. Nervous system
8. Respiratory system
9. Skin and sense organ system
10. Urinary system
Circulatory system
 Definition: Circulation is the movement of
substances like nutrients and gases within
blood vessels and cavities throughout the
organism.
 Circulatory system is made up of the heart,
blood, and blood vessles such as arteries,
veins, and capillary.
 The circulatory system is an organ
system that passes nutrients (such as
amino acids, electrolytes and lymph),
gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and
from cells in the body to help fight
diseases and help stabilize body
temperature and pH to maintain
homeostasis.
Lymphatic system
 The lymphatic system is the part of the
immune system comprising a network of
conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a
clear fluid called lymph (from Latin lympha
"water") unidirectionally toward the heart.
 Lymph contains white blood cells called
lymphocytes that fight against disease and
play an important role in immunity.
Digestive system
 Digestion is the mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food into smaller components
that are more easily absorbed into a blood
stream, for instance. Digestion is a form of
catabolism: a breakdown of large food
molecules to smaller ones.
 food that cannot be broken down is removed
from the body at the end of the system.
 example of organ: esophagus, colon
Endocrine system
 The endocrine system acts with nervous
system to coordinate the body's activities.
 Both systems enable cells to communicate
with others by using chemical messengers.
 The endocrine system uses chemical
messengers called hormones that are
transported by the circulatory system
(blood). They act on target cells that may be
anywhere in the body.
 Example: pituitary gland, ovaries
Female and male reproductive
system
 The reproductive system or genital system
is a system of organs within an organism
which work together for the purpose of
reproduction.
 The major organs of the human reproductive
system include the external genitalia (penis
and vulva) as well as a number of internal
organs including the gamete producing
gonads (testicles and ovaries).
 E.g: uterus, ovaries, prostate gland
Musculoskeletal system
 the system of muscles and tendons
and ligaments and bones and joints
and associated tissues that move the
body and maintain its form body,
organic structure, physical structure the entire structure of an organism
(an animal, plant, or human being);
 e.g: vertebrae, coccyx
Nervous system
 The nervous system is an organ system
containing a network of specialized cells
called neurons that coordinate the actions of
an animal and transmit signals between
different parts of its body.
 It carries electrical messages to and from the
brain and spinal cord
 E.g spinal cord, cerebrum
Respiratory system
 In humans and other animals, the anatomical
features of the respiratory system include
airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.
Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are
passively exchanged, by diffusion, between
the gaseous external environment and the
blood.
 E.g larynz, trachea, lungs, pharynx, bronchial
tubes
Skin and sence organ system
 A structure which is a receptor for external or
internal stimulation. A sense organ is often
referred to as a receptor organ.
 It includes the skin, eyes, ears etc
Urinary system
 The urinary system (also called the excretory
system) is the organ system that produces,
stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it
includes two kidneys, two ureters, the
bladder, the urethra, and two sphincter
muscles.
 E.g ureters, urethra and kidneys
Body cavities
 A body cavity is a space that contains organs.
 There are 5 cavities in the body
a) Cranial cavity
b) Thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
c) Abdominal cavity-space below the thoracic
cavity
d) Pelvic cavity
e) Spinal cavity
The thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
 Is the space below the thoracic cavity.
Made up of the following:
 Diaphragm
 Peritoneum helps attaches abdominal organs
to the abdominal muscles to hold it to place
 Abdominal Organs includes stomach, liver,
gallbladder, small and large intestines.
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
 It contains the following organs
 Urinary bladder
 Ureters
 Urethra
 Rectum and anus
 Uterus in females
Divisions of the back
 The spinal column is a long row of bones
(vertebra) from the neck to the tailbone
otherwise.
 A connective tissue called a disk lies between
each backbone.
 Made of 33 backbone
Planes of the body
The body can be viewed in different planes
1. Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into
front and back or anterior and posterior
portion.
2. Sagital (lateral) plane: divides the body
vertically into right and left halves.
3. Transverse (axial) plane: a horizontal plane
that divides the body into upper and lower
portions.
Combining words
Combining forms
Abdomin/o
Cervic/o
Crani/o
Coccyg/o
Chondr/o
Pleur/o
Spin/o
Sacr/o
Poster/o
Mediastin/o
Lumb/o
meaning
Combining words
Combining forms
meaning
Abdomin/o
abdomen
Cervic/o
Neck of the body/neck of uterus
Crani/o
skull
Coccyg/o
Coccyx,tailbone
Chondr/o
cartilage
Pleur/o
pleura
Spin/o
spine
Sacr/o
sacrum
Poster/o
Back,behind
Mediastin/o
mediastinum
Lumb/o
loin