Chapter
1 Lecture
Articulations
HUMAN ANATOMY
Articulations
The Skeletal System:
Articulations
Introduction
• Joints, or articulations, are
connections between bones
that may or may not permit
movement.
– Cartilage, fluid, or dense
connective tissues is usually
involved in holding joints
together.
• Joints maybe classified
structurally or functionally
Classification of Articulations - Structural
Structural Classification
1) Fibrous – No joint cavity – fibrous tissue
a) Suture – very thin fibrous tissue
if fused – synostoses
b) Syndesmosis – broader fibrous tissue
fontanel
c) Gomphosis – peg in cone
example: tooth in jaw
2) Cartilaginous – No joint cavity – Cartilage
a) Synchondrosis – hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
b) Symphysis – fibrocartilage
symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks
3) Synovial – Joint (Synovial) cavity
a) Gliding – intertarsal
b) Hinge – knee and ankle
c) Pivot – atlantoaxial
d) Condyloid or Ellipsoidal – wrist
e) Saddle – thumb
f) Ball and Socket – should and hip
Classification of Articulations Functional
Functional Classification of Joint
1) Synarthroses – Immovable Joints
a) Suture
b) Gompohsis
c) Synchondrosis
2) Amphiarthrosis – Slightly movable joints
a) Symphysis – pubic symphysis
b) Syndesmosis - tibia and fibula
3) Diarthrosis – Freely movable
a) Gliding – gliding
b) Hinge – flex and extend (1 plane)
c) Pivot – rotation – 1 plane
d) Condyloid or Ellipsoidal – 2 planes
flex, extend, abduct and adduct
e) Saddle – – 2 planes
flex, extend, abduct and adduct
f) Ball and Socket – (3 planes)
flex, extend; abduct adduct; and medial and lateral rotation
Synarthroses (Immovable Joints)
• Sutures are joints found only in the skull.
– Bony edges interlock and short dense connective
tissue fiber hold the bones together.
• A gomphosis is the joint between a tooth and
the alveolar fossa of the maxillae or mandible.
– Periodontal ligaments (PDL) hold the tooth to the
bone in the gomphosis.
• A synchondrosis is a joint in which hyaline
cartilage separates the ends of the bones
involved in the joint.
• A synostosis occurs if bones fuse together to
form one bone.
Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable Joints)
• A syndesmosis occurs when to
bones are connected by relatively
long connective tissue ligaments.
• Connecting bones using a
fibrocartilage pad forms a
symphysis.
Diarthroses (Freely Movable Joints)
• Synovial joints are typically
found at the ends of long
bones in the upper and
lower limbs.
• All synovial joints have six
basic characteristics:
– A joint capsule
– Articular cartilages
– A joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid
– A synovial membrane lining
the joint capsule
Synovial Joints
Figure 8.1 Structure of a Synovial Joint
Synovial Fluid
• Synovial fluid has three functions:
– Lubricates the surfaces of the articular
cartilages on the ends of the bones.
– Nourishes the chondrocytes by entering and
exiting the articular cartilages due to the
forces acting on the joint.
– Acts as a shock absorber.
Types of Movements
• Angular movements
• Rotation
PLAY
Movements
Special Movements
• Movements at the ankle include:
– Eversion/inversion
– Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
• Movement of the vertebral column
includes:
– Lateral flexion
• Movement of the pollex (thumb):
– Opposition/reposition
Special Movements
• Movements that occur at many joints
include:
– Protraction: anterior movement in the
horizontal plane
– Retraction: posterior movement in the
horizontal plane
– Elevation: cranial movement in the vertical
axis
– Depression: caudal movement in the vertical
axis
Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
• Plane joints:
– Nonaxial or multiaxial
• Hinge joints:
– flexion and extension
• Pivot joints:
– rotational movements
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Joint Structure
Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
• Condylar joints:
– flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
• Saddle joints:
– biaxial joints that also allow circumduction
• Ball and socket joints:
– triaxial joints
The Temporomandibular Joint
Figure 8.7a,b The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 8.8a Anterior Vertebral Column
Figure 8.8b Lateral Vertebral Column
Vertebral Movements
• There are four possible movements of the
vertebral column:
– Anterior flexion, or bending forward
– Extension, or bending backward
– Lateral flexion, or bending to the side
– Rotation–twisting
The Sternoclavicular Joint
Figure 8.10 The Sternoclavicular Joint
The Shoulder Joint
Figure 8.11a The Anterior Shoulder
Figure 8.11b The Lateral Shoulder
The Shoulder Joint
Figure 8.11c Sectional Shoulder
Figure 8.11d Superior Shoulder
The Elbow Joint
Figure 8.12a Medial Elbow
Figure 8.12d Longitudinal Elbow
The Wrist
Figure 8.13b Wrist Joints
Figure 8.13c Wrist Ligaments
The Joints of the Hand
Figure 8.13d Joints of the Hand
The Hip Joint
Figure 8.14a Lateral Hip
Figure 8.14c Posterior Hip
The Hip Joint
Figure 8.14b Anterior Hip
Figure 8.15a Sectional Hip
The Knee
Figure 8.16a Anterior Knee
Figure 8.16b Parasagittal Knee
The Knee
Figure 8.17a Posterior Superficial
Figure 8.17b Posterior Deep
The Knee
Figure 8.17c Anterior Knee
The Ankle and Foot
Figure 8.18a Ankle and Foot
Figure 8.18b Ankle and Foot MRI