Arthrology
Arthrology
Definition:
• Greek, (arthro= joint),
(logos= science).
• Arthrology is study of
joints
Joints
• Joints are places where
two or more bones are
connected
Classification Based on Structure
1. Non movable
2. Semi-moveable
3. movable.
Non Moveable Joints
•
•
Bones connected by
fibrous tissue
No joint cavity
a) Skull
b) Fibula - Tibia
Skull (Sutures)
Tibia – Fibula (Syndesmoses)
Semi moveable joints
-
The bones are
connected by cartilage
There is no joint cavity
A. Ribcage
B. In between Vertebrae
Ribcage
In between Vertebrae
Cartilage
• Soft bone
• Found in ear, nose and
joints
Synovial Joints
•
•
•
•
Most movable joints in
the body
There is a joint cavity.
Cartilage covers the
ends of the opposing
bones)
Ligaments keep bones
together
Synovial joint
Arthritis
Types of Moveable Joints
1. Ball and Socket Joint
Allow for the most
freedom of
movement
Types of Moveable Joints
2. Hinge joint
allows movement in
only one direction.
Back and forth
Types of Joints
3. Pivot joint
– Allows rotation
Types of Joints
4. Saddle joint
- Thumb
Types of Moveable Joints
5. Condyloid joint
One bone is
slightly rounded
and fits in the
other one
Types of Moveable Joints
6. Sliding or gliding joint
- Two flat surfaces
that slide over each
other
Types of Joints
Joint Type
Ball and Socket
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Condyloid
Gliding
Example
Basic Structure & General Anatomy
• Articular capsule encloses joint cavity
– continuous with periosteum
– lined by synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint
surfaces
• Articular discs and menisci
– jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints
– absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa = saclike extension of
joint capsule
– between nearby structures so
slide more easily past each
other
• Tendon sheaths = cylinders
of connective tissue lined
with synovial membrane
and wrapped around a
tendon
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Classification Based on Function
• Synarthroses-immovable joints (sutures)
• Amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints(
fibrous connection)( intervetebral discs)
• Diarthroses-freely movable joints( synovial)
• Synarthroses and amphiarthroses are largely
restricted to the axial skeleton
• Diarthroses predominate in the limbs.
Summary of Joint Classification
Structural Class
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Characteristics
Bones united by
collagen fibers
Bone ends united by
cartilage
Types
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Synovial
Bone ends covered
with articular cartilage
and enclosed within a
capsule lined with a
synovial membrane
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Suture
Syndesmosis
gomphosis
Mobility
1.
3.
Immobile
(synarthrosis)
Slightly moveable
(amphiarthrosis)
Immobile
Synchondrosis
(hyaline)
Symphysis
(fibrocartliage)
1.
2.
Immobile
Slightly moveable
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and socket
Freely moveable
(diarthrosis) which
depends on joint design
2.