Chapter 16
Section 3
Segregation and Discrimination
Objectives:
1. Trace the development of legal discrimination against
African Americans in the South and their struggle against
it.
2. Summarize turn-of-the-century race relations in the North
as well as the South.
The Fight Against Discrimination
• Towards the turn of the
Century the failures of
reconstruction became
obvious
▫ Voting restrictions (Literacy
tests, poll taxes)
 The Grandfather clause
• The Supreme Court did not
overturn these laws (US v.
Reese 1876)
▫ Why?
LITERACY
TESTS
Reading test
given to African
Americans to
prevent them
from voting
-Often asked more difficult
questions
-Sometimes the tests were
in foreign languages!
POLL TAXES
Annual tax that
had to be paid to
access the voting
booth.
GRANDFATHER
CLAUSE
Was able to vote
if he or his
grandfather could
vote before Jan.,
1867.
Jim Crow
• Southern States passed “Jim Crow”
laws to separate white and black
people in both public and private
spaces….Segregation
▫ Schools, parks, hospitals,
transportation etc…
• Plessy V. Ferguson
▫ “Separate but Equal” is
not in violation of 14th
Amendment
Living with “Jim Crow” laws
Second class status
• Informal etiquette as well
▫ Sidewalks, hats, handshake
• Not following these rules could lead to
loss of employment, beatings or worse
• Lynching (1885-1900.. 2,500 people
lynched, burned or shot)
W.E.B. DuBois
Booker T. Washington
• Demanded full social and
economic equality
• “Persistent manly agitation
is the way to liberty”
• Gradual approach
• Emphasized economic opportunity
Ida B. Wells
•Teacher and editor
•Fought against racial violence by
writing, lecturing, and organizing for
civil rights
•Moved from Memphis to the North to
escape the violence
Discrimination in the West
MEXICANS
• Performed manual labor in the
Southwest
▫ Mining, agriculture,
irrigation projects, railroads
• Often forced into debt
peonage
CHINESE
• Immigration jumped 7K to
100,000 K from 1820-1850
• Many were successful in
business and whites were
becoming afraid
• Forced into segregated
neighborhoods and schools
• Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882
TERMS
• Ida B. Wells
• Literacy test
• Poll tax
• Grandfather clause
• Jim Crow laws
• Segregation
• Plessy v. Ferguson
• Debt peonage
• Objectives:
1.
Trace the development of
legal discrimination against
African Americans in the
South and their struggle
against it.
2. Summarize turn-of-thecentury race relations in the
North as well as the South.