Anatomy and Physiology I – Test 3
Fall 2014
1.
Match the term with the characteristic on the left. (1 pt each)
_ I__ Band that is not found in skeletal muscle
_K__ Contains intercalated discs
_J___ Voluntary muscle
_L__ Is found in the walls of the intestine and
arteries
_F___ “Light” region of muscle – contains only thin
myofilaments
_D___ Released from synaptic vesicles
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Epimysium
Synaptic cleft
Sarcomere
Acetylcholine
Troponin
I band
Myosin
Fasicle
Kenny Rogers band
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
_C___ From one Z line to the next Z line
_B___ Gap between nerve as muscle at the neuromuscular junction
_H___ Bundle of muscle fibers
_E___ Thin myofilament regulatory protein that binds to Ca+2
__G__ Contractile protein on the thick myofilament
__A__ Connective tissue that surrounds a whole muscle
DESCRIBE a “power stroke” as occurs during muscle contraction AND mention the two muscle
proteins that are involved AND whether they are found on the thin or thick myofilament. (3 pts)
During a power stroke myosin in the thick mylfilament pulls on actin in the thin myofilament, causing the
thin and thick bands to overlap
2.
3.
Briefly DESCRIBE each of the following (what is it?) AND tell where each is found. BE
SPECIFIC! (2 pts each)
a.
Synchondrosis
Joint in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage; found between 1st rib and manubrium
b.
Terminal cisternae
Ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Found in the triad surrounding the t-tubule
c.
Tropomyosin
Regulatory protein in the thin myofilament that covers the active site on actin and prevents it from
binding myosin in the resting state
d.
Gomphosis
Tooth socket in mouth (within the mandible and maxilla)
e.
Hinge joint
Bones join with convex and concave surfaces interacting; elbow and knee
1
f.
Perineurium
Connective tissue surrounding a nerve fasicle
g.
Origin of a muscle
The end of a muscle (less mobile)
h.
Muscle fascicle
Bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle
i.
Endomysium
Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber
j.
Symphysis
Joint in which bones are united by fibrocartilage pad; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
k.
Suture
Joint between skull bones
l.
T-tubule
Infolding of the sarcolemma; the central part of the triad
m.
Syndesmosis
Joint in which bones are united through fibrous connective tissue; between ulna and radiues
n.
Ball-and-socket joint
Joint in which rounded, globular head fits into a cup-shaped cavity; between head of humerus and
glenoid cavity
o.
Saddle joint
Both interacting bone surfaces contain a concave and a convex region; trapezius and thumb metacarpal
p.
Aponeurosis
Dense regular connective tissue sheet between muscles; lumbar region
4.
a. Name all proteins in thick myofilaments AND their function(s) in muscle contraction. (4 pts)
Myosin – contractile protein that binds actin and pulls the thin myofilament over the thick
b. Name all in thin myofilaments AND their function(s) in muscle contraction.
Actin – contractile protein that binds myosin at its active site
Tropomyosin – in resting state, blocks active site to prevent actin-myosin binding. During contraction, it
moves, uncovering the active site
Troponin – after binding Ca+2, it changes shape, forcing troponin to uncover the active site on actin
5.
Name and BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THREE functions of skeletal muscle. (3 pts)
Look in the notes
6.
Name and briefly DESCRIBE the FOUR GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of muscle? (4 pts)
Look in the notes
2
7.
Briefly describe the FUNCTION of each during muscle contraction: (1 pt each)
a.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Releases Ca+2
b.
Myoglobin
Stores O2 within the muscle for later use in aerobic respiration, providing ATP as an energy source
c.
Recovery stroke
Extends myosin head to allow it to bind another region of actin
d.
Ca+2
Binds to troponin, inducing it to change shape
e.
Na+
Enters the muscle fiber during depolarization
f.
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter from the axon that binds to its receptor on the motor end plate; carries a chemical
signal across the synaptic cleft
g.
Junctional folds
Infoldings of the sarcolemma that increase its surface area, allowing more ACh to bind to its receptor
h.
Synaptic bulb
End of the motor axon that releases ACh
8.
What is the name for the dense regular connective tissue that attaches to muscle to bones? One
example attaches the gastrocnemius to the calcaneus (1 pt)
Tendon
9.
Bones and muscles
a.
Describe depolarization (include in your answer the ion that is involved and whether it
enters of leaves the cell) (1 pt)
Na+2 enters the cell
b.
Describe repolarization (include in your answer the ion that is involved and whether it
enters of leaves the cell) (1 pt)
K+ leaves the cell
What triggers a wave of depolarization along the muscle’s plasma membrane? Name the
CHEMICAL that travels across the gap between nerve and muscle AND the molecule on
the motor end plate to which it binds (2 pts)
When the axon releases ACh, it travels across the synaptic cleft to bind the AChR on the motor end plate.
The AChR is a chemically-gated ion channel that permits Na+ to enter the cell and begin depolarization
c.
d.
Name the type of fracture involving distal ends of the ulna and radius that is associated
with osteoporosis (1 pt)
Colles fracture
e.
Describe a communuted fracture (1 pt)
Bone shatters into several pieces
3
f.
Describe an epiphyseal fracture. What SPECIFIC population is more prone to getting this
type of fracture? Why is this so? (3 pts)
Break at the epiphyseal plate, often in people who are still growing in height since this area is still the
softer cartilage at that time
10.
BRIEFLY describe AND give an EXAMPLE of the following types of movements: (2 pts each)
a.
Pronation
Turning an anterior surface downwards; turning the hand so that the palm in facing down
b.
Adduction
Moving a part towards the midline; moving the arm towards one’s side
c.
Rotation
Piviting around a point; turning one’s head from side to side
d.
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes downwards
e.
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between 2 parts; bending one’s arm
11.
Are the following characteristics of smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, or none of
these: LIST ALL CORRECT ANSWERS (1/2 pt each)
a.
Involuntary
Cardiac and smooth
b.
Lacks striations
Smooth
c.
Cardiac
Found in the heart
d.
Has many nuclei
e.
Includes the soleus
f.
Allows a person to move food along the digestive tract
Skeletal
Skeletal
Smooth
12.
DESCRIBE a sphincter AND give an example of TWO sphincters. What is the FUNCTION of
the TWO sphincters that you named? BE SPECFIC!!!
a.
A sphincter is …… (1 pt)
A ring-like muscle surrounding an opening that controls passage of material through the opening
b.
Sphincter #1 and its function (2 pts)
Cardiac sphincter (bottom of esophagus); prevents stomach contents from moving back into esophagus
c.
Sphincter #1 and its function (2 pts)
Rectal sphincter; allows the release of feces
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13.
DRAW a figure of a microscopic view of muscle on it LABEL the following: (1/2 pt each)
a.
Thin myofilament
d.
Area that contains actin
b.
Sarcomere
e.
Z line
c.
A band
f.
Thick myofilament
d.
I band
g.
Area that contains myosin
See Lecture 11 notes, bottom of page 8
14.
Name each of the TWO SPECIFIC types of movement: (1 pt each)
Flexion
Plantar flexion
Bonuses:
1.
What is one symptom of multiple myeloma?
Bones break unusually easily, such as when one coughes or while walking
2.
Name the muscle and bone attached to the Achilles tendon.
Gastocnemius and soleus attached to the calcaneous
3.
WWI
In what war did Kaiser Wilhelm rule Germany?
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