Chapter 8
Acids, bases, Salts, Lewis
diagrams and Organic
compounds
Almost all the compounds we have studied so far
are inorganic compounds…such as
H20, CO2, Fe2O3, NaCl, Al2(SO4)3, K3N…etc
Inorganic compounds are either
Ionic
Covalent (molecular)
Acids, bases, salts
Acids: they release H (hydrogen ions) in
solutions
Ex:
Note: they all start with H
Bases: they release OH (hydroxide ions) in
solutions
Ex:
Note: they all end with OH
Salts: release positive and negative ions other
than H or OH
Ex:
Really easy
Follow the previous rules we learnt
Ex:
HCl
HNO3
H2SO3
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
Al(OH)3

They don’t start with H or end with OH
KCl
NaNO3
Na2SO4
Indicators are used to test for acids and bases …
Look at page 203 (table 2)
Pay attention to the changes of colours that happen
Methyl orange is _________ in acid
is _________ in base
Check the chart in data booklet



Acids start with H, and produce H ions in
solutions. Therefore, acids have more H than
they do OH
Bases ends with OH, and produce Oh ions in
solutions. Therefore, bases have more Oh
ions than they do H ions
When H = OH neutral solutions knowns as
salts

Look at Fig 6 page 205 VERY IMPORTANT!

Look at Fig 6 page 205
VERY IMPORTANT!
The pH scale allows chemists to quickly
determine the acidity of solutions.
Ex: apple have a pH=3 means they are _______
soap has a pH= 10 means it is _________
Gilbert Newton Lewis
I’m so tired of writing all
those useless inner
electrons, in the
Bohring models!
Gilbert Newton Lewis
Invented “Electron-dot” or
“Lewis” Structures
Valence Electrons – electrons in the
outermost occupied energy level.
Valence electrons can be represented by
“dots” drawn around the atom.
Remember the rules…
EXAMPLES

F

B

O

Ar
Octet Rule: All atoms attempt to achieve a
complete valence shell similar to their nearest
noble gas.
Lewis structure for ionic compounds
LEWIS STRUCTURE FOR MOLECULES
(MOLECULAR/COVALENT COMPOUNDS)
MORE EXAMPLES
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
They have carbon ,C atoms, as their basis and H …
and sometimes they have O, N and other nonmetals.
Carbon, very special, group 14, so 4 valence
electrons.
It can form several bonds with other atoms as well as
with itself.
Carbon contains chains of various lengths and these
chains can have all types of branches
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
HOMEWORK
Page 209
6,8,13,15,16
Page 214
2,4,6
Page 220
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