Unit 1
EXPLORATION & THE
COLONIAL ERA
US Geography Basics
Third largest country in the world.
Half the size of Russia.
One third the size of Africa.
Half the size of South America.
2 ½ times the size of Western
Europe.
Regions & Time Zones of the U. S.
Topography
Topography of the US
North-South Divide:
The Mason-Dixon Line
Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon: 1763-1767
The Great Plains
Bodies of Water
Great Salt
Lake
Chesapeake Bay
Lake
Okeechobee
Rivers
Columbia R.
Potomac R.
Ohio R.
Yukon R.
The Mississippi: America’s Great River Road
The “Big Muddy”.
2,350 miles.
Draining all or part of 31
states & 2 Canadian provinces.
Covers 40% of the U. S.
Mountains & Plateaus
^ Mt. Whitney
^ Pike’s Peak
^ Mt. McKinley
Alaskan Range
Plains
Great
Basin
Deserts
Death Valley
Mohave
Desert
Completed Map
Columbia R.
Great Great Salt
Basin
Lake
Potomac R.
Chesapeake Bay
^ Mt. Whitney
^ Pike’s Peak
Death Valley
Ohio R.
Mohave
Desert
Yukon R. ^ Mt. McKinley
Alaskan Range
Lake
Okeechobee
Climate
Vegetation
Demographics
U. S. Population as of
April, 2010
.
308,745,538
One birth every 8 seconds.
One death every 13 seconds.
One international migrant (net) every
22 seconds.
Net gain of one person every 10 seconds.
Geographic
Problems
Seismography Data: 1977-1997
Earthquakes!
Tornadoes Per Year: 1950-1997
Andrew: The Most Expensive Hurricane
August 24, 1992
Category 5
Killed 65 people
Cost $30,000,000,000
Hurricane Katrina
The Geographic
Diversity of
America!
National Parks
US National Parks (1)
Glacier National Park, MT
Mt. Rushmore
National Park, SD
Grand Teton National Park, WY
US National Parks (2)
Everglades National Park, FL
Yellowstone National Park, MT
Grand Canyon National
Park, AZ
US National Parks (3)
Yosemite
National Park,
CA
Natural Bridges
National Park, UT
Acadia National Park, ME
Essential Questions
 How did a culture clash help to form
America?
 What did the colonists want when they
came to the New World?
 How did this affect their establishment?
 How did geography effect the
development of the colonies?
 Who suffered and who gained by the
Revolution?
 How revolutionary was the Revolution?
THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA,
AND EUROPE
• Ancient Cultures
arrived about 22,000
years ago via a land
bridge
• Earliest settlers were
hunters
• Agriculture thrived
starting about 5,000
years ago
• Some Natives
remained Nomadic
• Maya, Aztec, and Inca
societies flourished
NATIVE AMERICAS IN
1400S
• Native American
societies in North
America were as
varied as the
geography
• The Pueblo (SW)
and Iroquois (NE)
were two famous
tribes
• Most of the tribes
in America had
common religious
views, trade
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
• The countries of
Portugal, Spain,
France and
England explored
in the late 1400s
for God, Gold, and
Glory
• Improved
mapmaking, better
sailboats,
compasses,
astrolabes, Prince
Early Explorations




 1000 AD Norse sailors discovered Newfoundland (abandoned)
 Columbus-landed on San Salvador (Bahamas) in 1492, continued
exploration of Islands in Caribbean including Cuba and Hispaniola
 “New World” divided between Spain and Portugal-Treaty of
Tordesillas (pope) divided Americas along a line of latitude-papal line of
demarcation
 Spanish Exploration and Conquest (Conquistadors-encomienda system
(introduced slavery))
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa-crossed the isthmus of Panama and
discovered Pacific (1513)
 Juan Ponce de Leon-discovered Florida (1513)
 Ferdinand Magellan-sailed around tip of S. America (1520)
 Hernan Cortes-conquered Aztecs (Montezuma believed Cortes was
the god Quetzalcoatl-predicted to return from the eastern sea
– Francisco Pizarro-conquered the Inca
Early Explorations




 1000 AD Norse sailors discovered Newfoundland (abandoned)
 Columbus-landed on San Salvador (Bahamas) in 1492, continued
exploration of Islands in Caribbean including Cuba and Hispaniola
 “New World” divided between Spain and Portugal-Treaty of
Tordesillas (pope) divided Americas along a line of latitude-papal line of
demarcation
 Spanish Exploration and Conquest (Conquistadors-encomienda system
(introduced slavery))
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa-crossed the isthmus of Panama and
discovered Pacific (1513)
 Juan Ponce de Leon-discovered Florida (1513)
 Ferdinand Magellan-sailed around tip of S. America (1520)
 Hernan Cortes-conquered Aztecs (Montezuma believed Cortes was
the god Quetzalcoatl-predicted to return from the eastern sea
– Francisco Pizarro-conquered the Inca
SPANISH NORTH AMERICA
• Columbus crosses the
Atlantic in October of
1492 and lands in San
Salvador (“Holy
Savior”)
• He spent about 3
months exploring
Islands in the
Bahamas
• Europeans used
advanced weapons to
force locals into labor:
Plantation System
• Disease devastated
Native population
IMPACT OF COLUMBUS
 On Africans- Before
slave trade ended in
the 1800s, 10 million
Africans taken
 On EuropeansBiggest voluntary
migration in world
history
 On Trade- Columbian
Exchange meant new
goods & products
flowed between
continents
The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New
World:
Diseases: Smallpox
Measles
Chicken Pox
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Influenza
The Common Cold
New World to Old World:
Syphilis
The Columbian Biological
Exchange
Animals:
Old World to New
World:
Horses
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Chickens
New World to Old World:
Turkeys
Llamas
Alpacas
Guinea Pigs
The Columbian Biological
Exchange
Old World to New
World:
Plants:
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Coffee
Sugarcane
Bananas
Melons
Olives
Dandelions
Daisies
Clover
Ragweed
Kentucky Bluegrass
New World to Old World:
Corn (Maize)
Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima
Varieties)
Tobacco
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Tomatoes
Pumpkins
Pineapples
Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
Papayas
Manioc (Tapioca)
Guavas
Avocados
Christopher Columbus
• Does
Columbus
deserve the
title of
“Hero” or
“Villain”?
SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW
EMPIRE
• Spanish explorers
(Conquistadors)
seized much of the
Americas
• Cortes conquered the
Aztecs in Mexico
• Pizzaro conquered the
Incas in Peru
• Exploitation of local
populations was
significant –
Encomienda System
SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST
AND WESTERN AMERICA
California
Missions
• Mid-1500s, Spain
explored much of
what is today the SW
& West of the USA
• New Mexico settled by
Spanish priest who
converted Natives
(Pueblos)
• Texas area had 30
expeditions in 16th
century
• California was site of
numerous missions
Settlement of N. America
Spanish Settlements in North America
Florida-1565 established settlement at St. Augustine
•
New Mexico (Santa Fe-1609)-Roman Catholic mission became the
central institution until the missionaries’ efforts to suppress native
religious customs provoked an Indian uprising called Pope’s Rebellion in
1680
•
Texas, California (San Diego-1769, San Francisco-1776)
French Claims
Based on voyages of Giovanni da Verrazano (NE coast, NY Harbor) and
Jacques Cartier (1534-1542 explored St. Lawrence River)
First Settlement-Established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec
Dutch Claims
Henry Hudson-1609 searched for a northwest passage
Established claims to New Amsterdam (NY)-controlled by Dutch West India
Company
Question…..
• How did the colonization patterns of
France, Spain, and England differ
with regard to economic
development, motivation, and race
relations?
Question…
•What were the reasons
for emigration to the
new land?
English Claims in the
Chesapeake
• Beginning in the early
1600s, the English
established colonies
along the eastern
coast of North
America
• 1607: Jamestown was
first to be settled
(joint-stock)
• John Smith led this
group of settlers
• Colony struggled at
first, then was saved
by Tobacco crop
Question
• What was the role of
tobacco?
• How did tobacco affect the
relationship between the
Northern and Southern
colonies?
English Claims in the Chesapeake
John Cabot-funded by King Henry VII, explored coast of Newfoundland
(1497)-did not return till later
Early English Settlements:
Jamestown-King James I chartered the Virginia Company (joint-stock
company) to establish the first permanent English Colony (1607)
 Problems-drought, Indian attacks, famine, disease (typhus, dysentery), own
mistakes (chose swampy land for settlement, gentlemen unaccustomed to
physical labor)
 Why Survive?-Initial help of Powhatan Confederacy (Powhatan thought new arrivals
could help defeat neighboring tribes)
Expansion due to development of new variety of Tobacco (Captain John Smith and
John Rolfe (Pocahontas))-brought financial prosperity to colony
 Jamestown’s plantations needed laborers-indentured servants (headright
system-any new arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of land-wealthy
landowners paid way for laborers) from Europe, slaves from Africa (1619)
 Virginia Company fell into Bankruptcy and the charter was revoked in 1624Virginia came under the control of King James I
As England expanded its colonial base in N. America they were also expanded control in the West Indies, By mid
1600s England had secured claim to several West Indies islands (Sugar Plantations-needed African slaves to
operate-first use of “slave codes”)
Development of Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia-first English Colony
 Jamestown’s plantations needed laborers-indentured servants (headright system-any new
arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of land-wealthy landowners paid way for
laborers) from Europe, slaves from Africa (1619)
Virginia Company fell into Bankruptcy and the charter was revoked in 1624-Virginia came under the
control of King James I
*Economic Problems- low tobacco prices brought hard times
*Political Problems- Sir William Berkeley (royal governor) adopted polices that
favored the
large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf, did little to protect
backwoods farmers from Indian attacks
Nathaniel Bacon -led rebellion against Berkeley’s government (Bacon’s Rebellion-1676)conducted series of raids against Indian villages and the governor’s forces (burned the Jamestown
settlement), Bacon died of dysentery and Gov. Berkeley suppressed the remnants of the
insurrection
Lasting Problems
Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers
 Colonial resistance to royal control
Labor Shortages-Tobacco plantations required large labor force (indentured
slavery)
servants,
PURITANS CREATE A “NEW
ENGLAND”
PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”
• The 16th century
Reformation
caused a split in
the Christian
Church; Catholics
and Protestants
• One extreme group
of Protestant
reformers – the
Puritans sought to
cleanse or “purify”
their religion of all
traces of
Question
•How did the Puritans
attempt to “purify” their
religion?
•What is Puritan thought?
Early English Settlements in New
England
Two Groups: Separatists (Pilgrims) and Congregationalists (Puritans)-See
Next Slide
Puritan Colonies-puritans wanted to purify the Church of England from
Catholic influences, viewed as threat to monarch (James I)
 Plymouth (Separatists-wanted to organize a completely separate
church)-Pilgrims first migrated to Holland (econ hardship, cultural diff)looked to settle new colony in Americas-Mayflower arrived in Plymouth
(1620)
Mayflower Compact-established Civil Body Politic and basic legal system-made covenant with
God to create new utopia
Assisted by Native Americans in adapting to land-1621-First Thanksgiving
 Massachusetts Bay-Puritans seeking religious freedom (from King
Charles I) granted royal charter to establish Massachusetts Bay Company
(1630)-Great Migration brought 15,000 more to the colony
Like Pilgrims believed in community, equality and a covenant with God-required them to create
“city upon a hill”
Development of New England (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
banished dissidents, formed nucleus of Rhode Island and
Connecticut)
Rhode Island-Roger Williams (puritan minister) was banished from the Bay Colony-founded
settlement of Providence in 1636, 1644-granted charter for Rhode Island Colony
 Recognized the rights of Native Americans and paid them for the use of their land
 Provided complete religious toleration (Catholics, Quakers, Jews, etc)
Connecticut-Reverend Thomas Hooker led group of Boston Puritans to Connecticut River Valley,
founded colony of Hartford-1636, Southern Valley
John Davenport started New Haven in 1637—1665-granted charter as Connecticut
Colony
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)-First written constitution in American historyestablished a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a
governor chosen by that legislature
New Hampshire-hoping to increase royal control, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from
the Bay Colony in 1679, appointed a royal governor
New England Confederation (1643-1684)-Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New
Haven formed a military alliance to provide protection against threat of Indian attacks,
important because it established the precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a
common purpose

King Philip’s War (1675-1676)-Confederation able to defeat united tribes led by Chief of
the Wampanoags named Metacom (King Philip)
Question….
• Are the Puritans hypocrites???
COLONISTS MEET
RESISTANCE
• New England Colonists
(Puritans) soon
conflicted with the
Native Americans over
land & religion
• King Philip’s War was
fought in 1675
between the Natives
and Puritans ending a
year later with many
dead and the Natives
retreating
English Settlement of the
Restoration Colonies
 Restoration Colonies (Restoration-period in English history that refers to the restoration
to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule
under Oliver Cromwell)
 Carolinas-land grant to eight nobles as reward in 1663, 1729-two royal colonies
formed (North and South Carolina) form the original proprietorship
 South Carolina-by the middle of the 18th century the large rice-growing
plantations
worked by African slaves resembled the economies of West
Indies
 North Carolina-Farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient
tobacco farms
 New York-Charles II wished to consolidate the crown’s holding and close gap
between Chesapeake and New England (Dutch controlled colonies)
1664-King granted his brother-Duke of York the lands formerly controlled by the Dutch
(His navy quickly took control), Dutch treated well (freedom to worship
and keep
culture/language)
 Duke of York tried to impose taxation without representation and met strong opposition
 New Jersey-James II (Duke of York) gave territory to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George
Carteret (East and West New Jersey), 1702-crown combined two into New Jersey
Settling the “Lower South”
Colonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to the West
Indies.
 Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West
Indies.
 They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians
[about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some
to New England].
1707  Savannah Indians decided to migrate to
PA.
 PA promised better relations with whites.
 Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could
leave  bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.
Crops of the
Carolinas: Rice
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic
food in England.
 Was grown in Africa,
so planters imported
West African slaves.
 These slaves had a
genetic trait that
made them immune to
malaria.
American Long
Grain Rice
• By 1710  black slaves were a majority in
Carolina.
Question
•Why did slavery begin to
replace indentured
servitude?
•What are the
advantages/disadvantages
of each system?
Crops of the
Carolinas:
Indigo
In colonial times, the main use for
indigo was as a dye for spun cotton
threads that were woven into cloth
for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for
indigo is a dye for cotton work
clothes & blue jeans.
The Emergence of North Carolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA
 VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally
Church of England members.
 Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.
 Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
 Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
 Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
 Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712  NC officially separated from SC.
SETTLING THE MIDDLE
COLONIES
• Dominated by
Dutch and Quaker
settlers, the Middle
Colonies were
founded in the
mid-1600s
• William Penn led
Quakers as they
colonized
Pennsylvania and
Delaware
Question..
• Why was Pennsylvania called the
“Holy Experiment”?
ENGLAND’S COLONIES
PROSPER
• Throughout the 1600s
and 1700s, more
British Colonies were
established
• By 1752, the English
Crown had assumed
more & more
responsibility for the
13 colonies
• Mercantilism &
Navigation Acts were
two such ways that
the English
government controlled
the colonies
King
George
III
Although New
England and the
Chesapeake were
both settled by
people of English
origin, by 1700 the
regions had
evolved into two
distinct societies.
Why did this
difference in
development
occur?
Purpose of Georgia??????
Development of Slavery
•
•
•
•
By 1450s small/regular slave trade between Africa and Europe was in
place
Introduction of horse powered sugar mills @1510 increased demand for
labor, 1518 Spain granted Portuguese slavers an asiento (license) to bring
slaves to America directly from Africa
By 1600 25,000 enslaved Africans on plantations of Hispaniola/Brazil
Movement of Africans across Atlantic to the Americas was longest forced
migration in world history (outnumbered Euros 6 to 1 prior to 19th
century)
Enslavement Process
•
•
•
•
Most enslaved through warfare or “panyaring” (practice of kidnapping)
Held on coast in barracoons (open pens)
Captains inspect and brand symbol on back of buttocks
Voyage on slave ships-The Middle Passage (middle part of Triangular
Trade)
• In ports, sales made by auction or by scramble (price set on men,
women, boys, girls then lined up in a corral and buyers scramble to
claim slaves)
Question….
• Is there a relationship between
slavery and prejudice?
• Does slavery reinforce prejudice?
• Does prejudice justify slavery?
Development of N. American Slave
Societies
•
•
1619-Dutch slave trader exchanged 20 slaves in Va for
provisions, but were too expensive
Last quarter of 17th century a number of occurrences:
– Euro immigrants discovered opportunities to establish themselves as
free farmers in colonies such as PA
– Bacon’s Rebellion-attempts by Va governor William Berkely to stop
unauthorized military expeditions by Nathaniel Bacon against
Susquehannock people of Potomac, Bacon turned aggression against
Va gov (1676) and burned Jamestown
– Collapsed with his death (dysentery)
•
•
Improvement in living conditions (servants/slaves live longer)
Supply increased-Royal African Company inaugurated direct
shipments from W. Africa to mainland
The forgotten history of the slave trade
The Netherlands' involvement in the slave trade hardly got a mention during the recent
celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). Mindy
Ran exposes the reality.
The Dutch role in the slave trade is often said to be overlooked or unknown, rather than
intentionally ignored. But as the nation toasted the brave sailors, merchants and traders who
helped to build The Netherlands' maritime empire during the Golden Age, the forgotten issue of
slavery has come back into sharp focus.
"It's difficult to generalise, but many Dutch people want to know why the slave trade and slavery
is a problem that should concern them;" explains Dr Susan le Gene, head curator of the Tropen
Museum in Amsterdam, which deals with the Netherlands's colonial past. "It is a lack of
perspective."
"Specialist historians have always done research on the subject, but it is only recently become a
public debate," explains le Gene. "In schools, when the subject of slavery comes up, the
attention is shifted to North America and slave traders described as European."
Unlike the US and the UK, there is no national curriculum in the Netherlands. In the past ten
years there has been a recommendation to teach the topic of slavery in the Netherlands, but
frequently based on the US experience.
Colonist wrote slavery into law
• Virginia:
– 1662-colony officials decree children inherit
status of slavery from parents
– 1667-Baptism does not bring freedom
– 1669-Death of slave during punishment,
not a felony
– 1705-Virginia Slave Code-model for other
colonies
"All servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not
Christians in their native Country...shall be accounted and be slaves. All
Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion...shall be held to
be real estate. If any slave resist his master...correcting such slave, and
shall happen to be killed in such correction...the master shall be free of
all punishment...as if such accident never happened."
(from VA Slave Code)
Effects of Slavery
•
The Tobacco Colonies
– Increase in demand supplied by increased production
allowed tobacco plantations to spread across Tidewater
(Del, Maryland, Va, NC)
• The Lower South
•
Most profitable part of SC economy was
Indian slave trade (shipped to other
colonies)
• Rice production and Indigo, labor
provided by West Indian slaves,
connection to Barbados
5x8 card
• Compare/contrast the northern and
southern colonies with respect to
– Lifestyle
– Economics
Zeitgeist of Colonial America (17th/18th Centuries)
Mercantilism and the Empire (Old Colonial System)
Mercantilism-looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the
basis for a country’s military and political strength-colonies existed to enrich
the parent country
Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673)-implemented a mercantilist policy with
a series of acts that established three rules:
•Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonialbuilt
ships (Nav Act of 1651)
•All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishable, could pass only
through ports in England (Staples Act of 1663)
•Specified or ‘enumerated’ goods from the colonies could be exported to England only
(Tobacco) (Enumerated Commodities Act of 1660)
•Wool Act, Iron Act, Hat Act-goods could not be produced in colonies at all
Positive: KEY-Nav Acts were not enforced, New England ship building,
Chesapeake tobacco, English military forces protected the colonies
Negative: Colonial manufacturing was limited, Chesapeake farmers received low
prices for crops, Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods,
Zeitgeist: the general beliefs, ideas, and spirit of a time and place
MERCANTILISM: AN
ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN
WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO
INCREASE THEIR WEALTH
BY OBTAINING GOLD &
SILVER AND WITH A
FAVORABLE BALANCE OF
TRADE
MERCANTILISM
NAVIGATION ACTS
• 1651- England’s
Parliament passed a
series of laws known
as the Navigation Acts
• These laws restricted
the colonies shipping
& trade
• Ships, destinations,
crews, goods: All
strictly regulated by
the English
• The colonies were
developing a spirit of
self-determination.
Therefore, they were
NOT happy with these
restrictions
Salutary Neglect-Good or
Bad,
Blessing or Curse
The Economy-half of England’s world trade was with colonies
 New England-Farming limited due to geography (most farms
small), profited from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum
distilling
 Middle Colonies-Rich soil attracted farmers (wheat, corn for
export), some manufacturing (iron-making), some trading led to
growth of Philadelphia and NY
 Southern Colonies-farming ranged from small subsistence farms
to large plantations, Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), shortage of
indentured servants to work large plantations led to increased use of
slaves
THE COLONIES COME OF AGE
• New England, Middle
Colonies, and the South –
all developed distinct
economies and societies
• In the South, rural
Plantations with a single
cash crop were common
• Small Southern farmers
(Germans, Scots, Irish)
and African slaves made
up the majority of people
Southern Plantation
Colonial Society in the Eighteenth
Century
Population Growth-due to immigration
and natural increase caused by high birthrate,
abundance of fertile land and dependable food supply
European Immigration-English, Germans-settled mainly in farmland west
of Philadelphia, Scotch-Irish-emigrated from N. Ireland, French
Protestants (Huguenots), Swedes, Dutch
Africans or descendents of Africans who had been taken captive, forced in to the
holds of European ships, and sold as slaves to southern plantation owners and other
colonists-largest single non-English immigrants
Structure of Colonial Society
General Characteristics:
Dominance of English Culture, Self-government, Religious Toleration, No
hereditary aristocracy (class system based on economics), Social Mobility
The Family-center of economic and social life. Men-most men worked,
owned land, participated in politics. Women-had limited legal and
political rights, worked with husband and performed household
tasks
Colonial Society in the Eighteenth
Century-Religion/Culture
Religion-majority of colonists were protestant (Presbyterians, Lutherans,
Mennonites, Quakers, Anglican Church was established church in VA,
Congregational Church was established church in MA and Conn)
Why had religious participation diminished in the early 18th Century?
Enlightenment, Predestination, Puritan Conversion Experience (Half Way
Covenant-1662), Expanding population/territory, improved standard of
living (pursuit of wealth), lower class against status quo
Halfway Covenant:
Allowed non-church members who did not overtly practice sin to be given
50% membership rights, baptism, and church membership, but no vote in
church or sacrament voting rights were allowed until later.
THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
• During the 17th
century, Africans
endured a
transatlantic
crossing from Africa
to the North
American Colonies
• Cruelty characterized
the months long
journey – 13% died
on route
AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS
OF THEIR CULTURE
• Despite enslavement,
Africans coped with the
horrors of slavery via
music, dance, and
storytelling
• Slaves also resisted their
position of subservience by
faking illness, breaking
tools, or work slowdowns
• Others were more radical
and tried escape & revolt
NORTHERN COLONIES
COMMERCE THRIVES
LIBERTY BELL
• The development of
cities, expansion of
trade, and diverse
economies gradually
made the North
radically different from
the South
• Philly was the 2nd
largest British port
• Farming differed from
the South: smaller,
more diverse crops in
North
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND
THE GREAT AWAKENING
• 1700s: An intellectual
movement known as the
Enlightenment began in
Europe and a religious
movement known as the
Great Awakening started in
the Colonies
• The Enlightenment
emphasized reason, science,
and observation and led to
the discovery of natural
laws
• Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin
and Newton were key
figures
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE
GREAT AWAKENING
• A series of religious revivals
aimed at restoring devotion
& piety swept through the
colonies in the mid-1700s
• Jonathan Edwards was a
Puritan priest from New
England who was
instrumental in the
movement
• Fire & Brimstone style of
worship; large, emotionally
charged crowds
• Like the Enlightenment the
movement stressed the
importance of the individual
George Whitefield
• Puritan Minster who
used raw emotional
sermons to reach all
classes of colonists
• Preached that “good
works” and “godly
lives” would bring
you salvation
• Forced to give
sermons in open
areas (revivals)
Reasons for The Great Awakening
• People felt that religion
was dry, dull and
distant
• Preachers felt that
people needed to be
concerned with inner
emotions as opposed to
outward religious
behavior
• People in New England
can read and interrupt
the Bible on their own
The Great Awakening 1730-1740 gave
colonists a shared national religious
experience
Outcomes of the Great
Awakening
• Birth of deep
religious
convictions in the
colonies
• New churches built
to accommodate
new members
• Colleges founded
found to train new
ministers
Outcomes of the Great
Awakening
• Encouraged ideas
of equality and
right to challenge
authority
• Birth of charity
and charitable
organizations
18th Century Politics
The Dominion of New England (gov named by royal authority, a governor and council would rule
without any asssembly)-1686-Sir Edmund Andros attempted to establish its rule-led to resentment
(With Glorious Revolution, 1688, Boston staged its own Revolution arresting Andros and council
Attempt to reassert royal authority-1696-Navigation Act requires colonial governors to enforce the
trade laws, Lords of trade and Plantations replaces Lords of Trade, all colonial officials report to Lords
KEY-growth of self-government in colonies
Politics-by 1750 the colonies had similar systems of government
Structure-eight royal colonies with governors (Lords of Trade, evolution of the Privy Council) appointed
by the king, three proprietary colonies (Maryland, Penn, Delaware), and two colonies (Conn, RI) the
governor was elected by popular vote
Every colony the legislature consisted of two houses-lower house was elected by colonists (House of
Burgesses-VA, of Delegates (MA) of Representatives (MA) (voted for or against taxation), upper house
rep appointed by king or proprietor
Assemblies had two major power-control of purse strings (taxation) and ability to enact legislation and
enforce royal edicts
Voting-limited to white males only with other restrictions (property)
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
• Competition in North
America led to a war
(1754-1763) between
old rivals France and
England
• The French in North
America were
tradesmen (furs) not
long-term inhabitants
• Ohio River valley was
the site of the conflict
• The Colonists
supported the British
while the Natives
supported the French
FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY
NAT YOUNGBLOOD
1754  Albany Plan of Union
*What does this reveal about the thoughts of the colonists????
Ben Franklin  representatives from
New England, NY, MD, PA
A
Albany Congress  failed Iroquois
broke off relations with
Britain & threatened to
trade with the French.
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
• Indian-style guerilla
tactics.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
British
• March in formation or
bayonet charge.
• Br. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. deference or
protocols observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna Br.
officers with servants
& tea settings.
BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD
ENEMY
WILLIAM PITT ON A
COIN
• While the French had
early victories, the
British led by William
Pitt and George
Washington eventually
defeated the French
• Treaty of Paris ends
the war in 1763
• Brits claim most of
North America
including Florida (from
French ally Spain) &
Canada
• Native Americans also
realized a French loss
was a Native American
loss
North America in 1763
Effects of the War on the
British
1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on the American Colonials
(What about the effect on Native Americans???)
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.
PROCLAMATION LINE OF
1763
• To avoid further costly
conflicts with Native
Americans, the British
government prohibited
colonists from settling
west of the
Appalachian
Mountains
• The Proclamation
established a line
along the Appalachian
that colonists could
not cross (They did
anyway)
The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND
REBELLION
England’s
Parliament and
Big Ben
• The Proclamation of
1763 sought to halt
the westward
expansion of the
colonist, thus the
colonist believed the
British government
did not care about
their needs
• This was one of many
measures passed by
the English Parliament
that would be
strenuously opposed
by the American
Colonists
Question
• How did the outcome of the French &
Indian War alter the British attitude
toward the colonists?
• To what extent did the colonists
attain self-government prior to
1763?
NO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION
Colonists protest
• Huge debt from
the French-Indian
War caused the
English Parliament
to impose a series
of taxes on the
colonists
• The Sugar Act and
the Stamp Act
were two such
taxes
THE SUGAR ACT
• The Sugar Act (1764)
placed duties (taxes)
on certain imports
that had not been
taxed before
• More importantly, it
meant colonists
accused of violating
the Act were tried in
Vice-Admiral Courts
rather than Colonial
Courts
THE STAMP ACT
• In March of 1765
Parliament passed
the Stamp Act
which imposed a
tax on documents
and printed items
such as wills,
newspapers, and
cards (a stamp
would then be
placed on the item)
• **Why did this
antagonize the
RESISTANCE GROWS
• In May of 1765
Colonists formed a
secret resistance
group called, Sons
of Liberty to
protest the laws
• Merchants agree to
boycott British
goods until the
Acts are repealed
MORE TAXES, MORE
PROTESTS
• More taxes and
acts soon followed:
Declaratory Act
Townshend Acts
The Townshend Acts
taxed goods
brought into the
colonies from
Britain – including
lead, paint, glass,
paper and TEA
TENSION MOUNTS IN
MASSACHUSETTS
• The atmosphere in
Boston was extremely
tense
• The city erupted in
bloody clashes and a
daring tax protest, all
of which pushed the
colonists and England
closer to war
• Boston Massacre was
in 1770 when a mob
taunted British
soldiers – 5 colonists
were killed
BOSTON MASSACRE 1770
BY PAUL REVERE
BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773
BRITS RESPOND TO TEA
VANDALS
• After 18,000 pounds
of tea was dumped by
colonists into Boston
Harbor, King George
III was infuriated
• Parliament responded
by passing the
Intolerable Acts;
which included the
closing of the Harbor,
the Quartering Act,
Martial law in Boston
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
• Colonists start to
organize and
communicate
• First Continental
Congress met in 1774
and drew up rights
• Military preparation
began
• England reacts by
ordering troops to
seize weapons
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS - 1774 PHILLY
ATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUEL
ADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, AND
GEORGE WASHINGTON
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD
• With Paul Revere’s
announcement, the
Colonists and the
British began fighting
in April of 1775
• The first battle of the
American Revolution
lasted only 15
minutes, but its
impact has lasted for
over 200 years
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
• May 1775, Colonial
leaders met for a
Second Continental
Congress
• Some called for
Independence, some
for reconciliation
• Finally, the Congress
agreed to appoint
George Washington as
head of the
Continental Army
Patrick Henry
addresses
Congress
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
June 1775
Battle of
Bunker Hill
• British General
Thomas Gage decided
on an attack on
Breed’s Hill (near
Boston)
• Deadliest battle of war
as over 1,000
redcoats and 450
colonists died
• Battle misnamed
Bunker Hill (Breed’s
Hill would have been
more accurate)
OLIVE BRANCH PETITION
• By July 1775, the
Second Continental
Congress was
readying for war,
though still hoping for
peace
• Most delegates deeply
loyal to King George
III
• July 8 – Olive Branch
Petition sent to King
who flatly refused it
INDEPENDENCE MINDED
HUGE BEST SELLER,
“COMMON SENSE” 1776
• Public opinion
shifted toward
Independence
(Why?)
• Why?
Enlightenment
ideas (John
Locke’s Social
Contract, and
Thomas Paine’s
Common Sense)
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
• On July 4, 1776, the
Continental Congress
voted unanimously
that the American
Colonies were free
and they adopted the
Declaration of
Independence
• The Colonists had
declared their
independence– they
would now have to
fight for it
JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
– SECTION 2
• Colonists divided
between Loyalists
and Patriots
• New York City
early site of battles
• Colonial troops
retreat, then
surprise British
troops at Saratoga
Patriots-largest number from NE, served in local
militias for short time, African Americans-@ 5,000
fought in both mixed racial forces and all African
American units
Loyalists (Tories)-almost 60,000 American Tories
fought and died with British-tended to be wealthier
more conservative than patriots, Native AmericansBritish promised to limit westward settlement
The War
1775-1777-barely escaped complete disaster,
British occupation of NY, Phila and occupation of
ports (95% decline in trade), Patriots camped at
Valley Forge (winter of 1777-78), Continentals
(paper money) worthless
Turning Point (October, 1777)-Battle of
Saratoga-American generals Horatio Gates and
Benedict Arnold able to defeat General John
Burgoyne in upstate NY
News of victory convinced France to join in war
against Britain, by 1778-1779 Holland and Spain
entered the war against the British
Victory (1781)-Last major battle fought near
Yorktown, VA-Washington’s army forced the
surrender of General Charles Cornwallis
WINNING THE WAR
• With French military leader
Marquis de Lafayette’s
help, Colonial troops
became effective fighters
• May 1780, British troops
successfully take Charles
Town, S.C.
• However, it was the last
major victory for the
British as General
Cornwallis finally
surrendered at Yorkstown,
Va. on October 18, 1781
• The Americans victory
shocked the world
Cornwallis surrenders
TREATY OF PARIS
• Peace talks began in
Paris in 1782
• American negotiating
team included John
Jay, John Adams, and
Ben Franklin
• Treaty signed in
September of 1783
and officially
recognized the
independence of the
United States and set
boundaries
Treaty of Paris
 Treaty of Paris (1783)
1) Britain would recognize the existence of he US
2) the Mississippi River would be the western
boundary of the US
3) Americans would have fishing rights off the
coast of Canada
4) Americans would pay debts owed to British
merchants and honor loyalist claims for property
confiscated during the war
 New Government
 State Governments-State constitutions had the
following in common:
List of basic rights (jury trial, freedom of
religion, etc)
Separation of powers-legislative, executive,
judicial
Voting-all white males who owned property
Office-holding-property qualification
Question
• How did the Treaty of Paris affect the
relationship between the U.S.,
France, and Spain?
• Was the Peace of Paris of 1783 a
clear acknowledgement of American
independence, or was Britain simply
writing off a poor military
investment?
Question….
• How did the American Revolution
affect women and Native Americans?