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History of the Earth Ch 1
4 Branches of Earth Science
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. __________________
I. A New View of Earth
A. Earth System Science – ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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1. Atmosphere
 Atmos- Greek,
_________________________________________
– Ozone- O3,_______________________________
__________________________________________
– __________________________________________________________________________________
– __________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Geosphere

Geo –Greek, ___________________________________________
– ______________________________________________________
3. Hydrosphere
 Hydro- Greek ___________________________________
– All the water of the Earth’s System
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
4. Biosphere
 Bio- Greek __________________________________________
– All forms of life on Earth from microscopic to Human
B. Model
 _____________________________________________________________________________________.
Ex.
– Globe – ________________________________________|
__________________________________
– ____________________________________________
______________________________________
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C. A System
 Part of the Universe that can be studied separately
– Closed System- a system in which energy can enter or leave, but matter cannot
– Open System- a system in which there is a free exchange of both energy & matter between the system & its surroundings.
D. How do the 4 Spheres Interact?
 Volcanoes - ___________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________
 Plants- _______________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Hurricanes- ___________________________________________________________________________
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 Human Beings- ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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E. Cycles & the Earth
 Water Cycle
 Carbon Cycle
 Energy Cycle
1. Water Cycle = hydrologic cycle
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_______________________
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_______________________
a) Evaporation  The process by which water is added to the atmosphere as liquid water is heated and turned to water vapor
 Transpiration – the evaporation of water from plants
 Evapotranspiration – the changing of liquid water to water vapor from the ground, plants & animals
b) Condensation
 Water vapor rises into the air, expands & cools
 Liquid water eventually forms clouds
-Cooling water vapor turns to liquid water
c. Precipitation
 Any form of water falling from the sky -Rain, Snow, Hail, Sleet
 Soaks into the ground to recharge the water table -Runs off the land into a river or other body of water
 Or evaporates to start the process over
d. Water Budget

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Deficit – ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Surplus – ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Recharge – ____________________________________________________
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Usage - when ____________________________________________________________________
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Runoff – ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Carbon Cycle
 _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Carbon is the ___________________________________________
– Carbon is changed into different _________________________ as it goes through the cycle
CH4 = ________________________
CO2 = ________________________
C6H12O6 = ________________________________________________
 Carbon enters atmosphere as Carbon Dioxide (_______):
– ______________________________________________________________
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O2+Food = CO2+H2O+Energy
– Produced by ______________________________
-Released by ______________________________
– Released by ______________________________
– ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Carbon leaves atmosphere as CO2
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________________
 Carbon is stored in _____________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
 Or __________________________________________________________________ settles to bottom & becomes ______________________
 Ocean is known as a _______________________________ because it _____________ carbon
 Carbon dioxide from Atmosphere is dissolved in the ocean _____________________________________
– Forms ____________________________________________________________________________
3. The Energy Cycle
 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 The amount of energy that __________________the system should = the amount of energy that is ____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
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Carbon Cycle
Air
Land
Ocean
1. Burial – Limestone Formation
2. Fossilization
Terms: Making of Shells, photosynthesis, respiration, oil, coal, gas, Limestone, dissolving & evaporation weathering &
erosion, burning & decay, volcanism, Lithification.
Copyrighted, 1998 - 2004 by Nick Strobel www.astronomynotes.com.
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a. Solar Power
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________
b. Geothermal Energy
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Drives the movement of the ________________________
 Powers _________________________________
___________________________________
c. Tidal Energy
 _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Slows Earth’s ____________________________
F. Laws of Thermodynamics
 1st Law –____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 2nd Law- when energy changes, it is converted from a _________________________________, more
concentrated form to a _____________________________, less concentrated form.
– Energy ____________________________________________________________________
Some energy is ____________________________________________
G. Albedo
 The percentage of _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
– Forest low = ______________________________________
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– Snow covered field =
________________________________
II. Origin of the Universe
A. Hypothesis- _______________________________________________________
B. Theory- _________________________________________________________
C. _______________________________ – most widely accepted scientific explanation of
the formation of galaxies
 Approximately _________________________________
 ______________________________________________
 Huge _________________ cloud moved ___________________, as areas within it
_______________________ to form ______________________
 _______________________ continue to move ____________________________
D. Evidence of Big Bang
 ______________________________ found evidence __________________________
are moving __________________________________________________________
 ______________________ has measured ____________________________________
in space thought to be _______________________________________
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
The __________________________ captured in this picture is from _____________________ after the Big
Bang, over ______________________________: the equivalent of taking a picture of an 80-year-old person on
the day of their birth.
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III. Formation of the Solar System
1. 6 Facts on the Origin of the SS
1. All planets move around the sun (_______________) in the _____________________
2. The orbits (________) of the planets around the sun are
___________________________________________ (______________________)
3. ____________________________________________________________________
4. The ________ turns on its axis (______________) in __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. __________ of the ____________________ in the ____________________________
Exceptions are: ___________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________, most revolving in the same direction as
the planets.
Exceptions are: ______________________________________
IV. Protoplanet Hypothesis
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Approx. __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________ caused the cloud to _________________________
Most of the clouds material was at its _______________
__________________________________________________________________
______________was so great _________________________ began (star began to shine)
__________________________________________
The rest of the matter of the cloud began to collect in little _____________________
These whirlpools eventually ______________into more _________________________

known as ______________________________
proto = _______________________________
V. As the Earth began to form it had neither oceans nor an atmosphere
A. 3 sources of heat on early Earth:
 ___________________________________________________________
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
___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
VI. Formation of the Oceans
 ________________________________________________________________________

____________________________ were released from the rock as __________________ passed it

___________________________ also added ___________________________
 The ____________________________________________________________________
VII. Origin of the Atmosphere
1. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. No __________________________
3. Free oxygen was possibly _____________________________________________ in the upper
atmosphere
4. Eventually plants added free oxygen to the air during _______________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
 CO2 + H2O + sunlight are the ____________________________________
 food & O2 are the ____________________________
6. Today atmosphere is _______________________________________________
VIII. Formation of Continents
 Melted ________________________________________ could have forced ______________________
to surface, forming a super continent

OR
Continental formation from ___________________________