Questions : RAD223
Q1- Define the following terms:
a- Digestion : Breaking down complex food substances
into simpler component (nutrients) that can be easily
absorbed by the intestine .
b- Assimilation : Changing ingested substances into
chemically different forms .
c- Homeostasis : Maintenance of a balanced internal
environment .
d- Vomiting : Expulsion of gastric contents via
esophagus mechanism ( anti peristaltic ) .
e- Responsiveness : sensing and reacting to internal or
external changes .
f- Absorption : Moving digested substances through
intestinal membranes .
g- Excretion : Removing body wastes .
h- Tissue : a group of closely associated cells that
perform specific functions and are similar in
structure .
i- Swallowing : Peristalsis wave propels the bolus
downward to the stomach .
Q2- Write short notes about:
a- Types of human tissues : l- Epithelial tissue –
covering . 2- Connective Tissue – support .
3-Muscular Tissue – movement . 4-Nervous Tissue –
sensation, motion, and control .
b- Functions and components of the lymphatic system :
Components : Lymphatic fluid and vessels , lymph
nodes , tonsils , thymus , spleen . Functions :
1-Immunity, i.e. protection against microbes .
2-Returns proteins and fluid to blood.
3- carries lipids from GIT to the liver then to the
blood .
c- Importance of homeostasis :
1- A balanced internal environment needed to
maintain life .
2- There are many complex mechanisms to
maintain homeostasis .
3- The internal environment of the body is in a
dynamic state of equilibrium, Chemical, thermal,
and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis .
4- Homeostatic mechanisms help regulate body
temperature and blood pressure .
5- Homeostatic mechanisms act through feedback
mechanism .
d- Deglutition : 1- Soft palate: close nasal cavity .
2- Epiglottis: close larynx .
3-Posterior pillars of fauces: close mouth .
4- Respiration is temporary suspended .
5-Bolus reach esophagus .
e- Control and functions of gastric juices :
Functions : 1- Water : further liquefies food bolus .
2- HCL: kills microbes, acid environment help
protein digestion .
3- Pepsins: digestion of proteins ►polypeptides
(simpler amino acids) .
4- Mucus: protects mucosa .
5- Intrinsic factor: vitamin B12 absorption from
ileum ( healthy mucosa ) .
Control : 1-Cephalic phase: thought, smell or taste
(vagus nerve) .
2- Gastric phase: proteins ► secretion of gastrin ►
blood ►secretion of gastric juice .
3-Intestinal phase: acidic chyme in duodenum
►entrogastrone complex (secretin+
Cholecystokinin)► blood ► slow down secretion of
gastric juice + stimulate secretion of pancreatic and
bile juices .
f- Functions and composition of bile :
Function : 1-Reservoir ( Storage)for bile .
2-Concentration of bile; (after absorption of water) .
3-Release of stored bile.(contraction) .
Composition : water, salts, pigments (bilirubin),
mucus .
g- Liver functions : 1-Carbohydrate metabolism:
regulate blood glucose level .
2-Protein metabolism .
3-Lipid metabolism .
4-Synthesis and secretion of bile : emulsifying fats .
5-Detoxication: medications, ethanol, toxins .
6-Immunological Effects .
7-Storage: vitamins (fat-sol. & some water sol.) iron .
h- General circulation (pathways).
i- Name and role of different valves in the heart :
1- Mitral ( bicuspid ) : valve allow the passage of
blood from left atrium to left ventricle and prevent
flow back of the blood from the left ventricle to the
left atrium .
2- Aortic : allow passage of the blood from the left
ventricle to Aortic and prevent of the blood back
flow from Aortic to left ventricle .
3- Pulmonary : allow passage from the blood from
right ventricle to right pulmonary artery and
prevent the blood back flow from right pulmonary
to right ventricle .
4- Tricuspid : allow passage of the blood from the
right atrium to right ventricle and prevent of the
blood back flow from right ventricle to right atrium.
Q3- Give reason why:
a- Human body can't survive without oxygen : Oxygen
is needed for oxidation and energy production .
b- Stones are frequently formed in the salivary glands :
Due to mineral content or because of saliva .
c- Axial skeleton is protected during x-ray examinations
:Due to the presence active bone marrow .
d- Kidneys play a major role in homeostasis :
1- Maintain acid base balance .
2- Help regulate blood pressure .
3- Help regulate body temperature .
4- Help water in the body .
5- Electrolight balance .
6- Part of the system of blood formation .
7- Remove waste and toxin .
e- Acute gastritis may lead to pernicious anemia :
Because lack of internsing factor or interensing factor
is not presence .
f- Pancreas is a mixed gland :
Because it has an endocrine and exocrine function .
g- Arterial walls are rich with elastic fibers : To handle
pulse pressure .
h- Muscles along GIT are involuntary : Because
continues movements are needed without being tired .
i- Internal lining of the blood vessels are smooth : To
avoid clot .
Q4- Complete the following sentences:
a- Endocrine glands includes Thyroid , Parathyroid ,
Pancreas , Ovaries , Testes , Adrenal glands .
b- The most important excretory organs Skin , Kidney ,
Colon , Lungs , Liver .
c- Lymph vessels usually run along next to veins to the
heart .
d- Male reproductive organs are Epididymis , Vas
deferens , Penis , Testes .
e- Female reproductive organs are fallopian tubes ,
uterus , vagina , ovaries .
f- The 3 phases which control gastric juice secretions are
cephalic phase , gastric phase , intestinal phase .
g- Only water , alcohol and some sugar can be absorbed
from the stomach.
h- The types of movements along the small intestine
segmental , pendular and peristalsis .
i- The gall bladder help to Absorb , Fat and Fat soluble
vitamin .
j- The 4 layers forming the wall of the heart are
Myocardium , Endocardium , Epicardium and
Pericardium .
Q5- Mark (√) true or (x) false then corrects the false one:
a- Skin alone can regulate body temperature. ( F ) The
answer : Skin can regulate body temperature .
b- Muscles can help generating heat . ( T )
c- Liver is a part of the immune system . ( T )
d- Lung is a part of the excretory system . ( T )
e- Pyloric sphincter regulates passage of food from the
esophagus to the stomach . ( F ) : The answer : from
stomach to duodenum .
f- Water soluble vitamins can't be absorbed without bile.
( F ) : The answer : Fat soluble vitamins can't be
absorbed without bile .
g- Gastro-colic reflex help to evacuate the stomach when
we sleep . ( F ) : The answer : Gastro-colic reflex help to
evacuate the stomach when we eat .
h- Cholecystokinin enzyme helps secretion of bile from the
liver when there is food in the stomach . ( F ) : The
answer : Cholecystokinin enzyme helps secretion of bile
from the liver when there is fat in the stomach .
i- Insulin is secreted by the liver and drained by the
pancreatic duct. ( F ) : The answer : Insulin is secreted
by the pancreas and drained by the blood .