HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2014
*100 multiple choice questions
*Study your notes!
CHAPTER 1 Organization of the Human Body
Levels of organization- smallest (atom) to most complex (organism)
Life processes (textbook page 6)
Homeostasis= definition, feedback systems (positive and negative)
Aging and Homeostasis=stress and disease
Anatomical terms- body regions, directional terms, body cavities, quadrants
Anatomical position
CHAPTER 4 Tissues
Types of tissues and their characteristics:
Epithelial tissue= each type, also know the layers in order from top to bottom
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Mucous membranes
Tissue repair=steps of repair (first step= inflammation)
Aging and tissues
CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System
Skin structure=three layers, what are they made of?
Accessory structures of the skin (hair, glands, etc.)
Functions of skin
Aging and skin
Burns (check common disorders for this info.)
CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System
Functions of bone
Types of bone
Structure of Bone=bone cells, marrow, periosteum, cartilage
Bone formation= in long bone, epiphysis pushed away from diaphysis, cartilage formation, vitamins and minerals
Fractures- types, bone healing
Bones of the body
Importance of flat bones
Vertebral column- sections, curves, function
Axial versus appendicular skeleton
Comparison of female and male skeletons
Aging and bones
CHAPTER 7 Joints
Types of joints=immovable vs. movable
Structure of joints- look at picture
Movement of joints depends on amount of cartilage
Injury to joints can be caused by flexibility of ligaments
Ligaments versus tendons
Direction of movement= actions like flexion, abduction, rotation, etc.
Aging and joints
CHAPTER 8 Muscular System
Types and functions of muscular tissue- smooth, skeletal, cardiac
How are muscles classified?
Structure of muscular tissue- sarcomere (actin, myosin), perimysium, epimysium, endomysioum, fascicle
Process of muscle contraction- also rigor mortis, tone, muscle pulls on bone (does not push)
Relaxation of muscle
Metabolism- energy (what sources are available), muscle fatigue, oxygen debt, lactic acid
Muscle recruitment
Types of muscle fibers
Control of muscle tension- definition of a twitch, how do twitches occur?
Power of a muscle= determined by the number of muscle cells available
Exercise
Cardiac muscle vs. Smooth muscle
Muscle Tone Vocab.= flaccid, atrophy, hypertrophy
Aging
Movement
Muscles of the body and their actions (random pick)
Common disorders- page 219 in textbook
Medical terminology and conditions- page 220