Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Your Ideal Society DIRECTIONS: Imagine that you have been hired to plan and then create an “ideal” society. In the space below, write down your ideas about how to create the perfect society. Be as specific as possible and use clear examples that demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect. Problems I would solve: 1. 2. My solutions: 1. 2. Other features of my ideal society (such as transportation, food, government, education, jobs, laws, marriages, money, trade, etc.): ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Additional ideas from my group: ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Story Organizer DIRECTIONS: As you read Lois Lowry’s The Giver, use this chart to help organize your thoughts and what is going on in the story. Be as detailed as possible and keep aware of the small changes, additions, and revelations that happen as you go further in the chapters so as not to repeat information. Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Characters Events Themes Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Characters Events Themes Chapter 11 Chapter 10 Chapter 9 Chapter 8 Characters Events Themes Chapter 15 Chapter 14 Chapter 13 Chapter 12 Characters Events Themes Chapter 19 Chapter 18 Chapter 17 Chapter 16 Characters Events Themes Chapter 23 Chapter 22 Chapter 21 Chapter 20 Characters . Events Themes Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Literature Circle Discussion Questions Chapters 1-5 DIRECTIONS: These questions will help you focus on the chapters of The Giver and the major themes presented. Individually, and in your small groups, you will work to think about and discuss these questions so as further deepen your comprehension of this literary work. 1. What are some of the rules of the society that Jonas lives in? How do the rules make people feel? How does Jonas feel about the rules? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What happens if you don’t follow the rules? Who gets punished and how? Why were rules “Very hard to change” (page 14)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What do you think it means to be “released” (page 2)? When does it happen? How do people feel about it? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How, and to what extent, are the rules of Jonas’s society like those of your society? What differences are the most striking? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are your initial impressions of Jonas? What are some of his character traits? What words does the author use to help the reader get to know him? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why was it “considered rude to call attention to things that were unsettling or different about individuals” (page 20)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What were “Stirrings”? Why was it necessary for Jonas to take a pill as soon as he experienced them? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. To what extent are people all the same in this society? To what extent are they equal? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Is a society in which everyone is treated the same fair or just? What is the relationship between equality and justice? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why do you think it’s important to be precise about language in Jonas’s society? How important is it in our society? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Literature Circle Discussion Questions Chapters 6-9 DIRECTIONS: These questions will help you focus on the chapters of The Giver and the major themes presented. Individually, and in your small groups, you will work to think about and discuss these questions so as further deepen your comprehension of this literary work. 1. How do rituals and milestones give a sense of belonging to people in Jonas’s society? How about our own society? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why does everyone have the same birthday? Why does everyone have a number? How does this make people feel? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What happens if a Twelve doesn’t like his or her assignment? _______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you think all the Assignments are equal and respected? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Are the Assignments fair? Why or why not? ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The Chief Elder says, “Today we honor your differences. They have determined your futures.” (page 52) Does the society value difference or sameness? What clues help you to decide this? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How does the author use foreshadowing to create a sense of foreboding and suspense? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. As more is revealed about the society, how do your feelings about the society change? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Explain why Jonas is chosen as Receiver of Memory. What qualities does the Chief Elder describe as being essential to the position>? Does Jonas possess these qualities? How do we know? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why is the Receiver of Memory the most honored position? Who are the “Receivers of Memory” in our society? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 11. How do you think you would feel if you received Jonas’s Assignment? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Literature Circle Discussion Questions Chapters 10-15 DIRECTIONS: These questions will help you focus on the chapters of The Giver and the major themes presented. Individually, and in your small groups, you will work to think about and discuss these questions so as further deepen your comprehension of this literary work. 1. What happens when The Giver transmits a memory? Why do you think this is? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why have memories been eliminated for everyone else? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The Giver says, “Without the memories it’s all meaningless.” (page 112) What do you think he means? What is he suggesting about his own society? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How does the first memory The Giver transmits make Jonas feel? Why do you think Jonas must experience the memories rather than just hear about them? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is missing in Jonas’s society? Why do you think these things were eliminated? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the pleasurable things Jonas experiences? How do they make him feel? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why does The Giver transmit pain? How does it make Jonas feel? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Poet Alfred Lord Tennyson said, “’Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.” What do you think he meant? Would The Giver agree? Do you? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Why has color been eliminated in this society? How has the absence of color helped this society? How has it harmed it? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. How does the author make the memories that The Giver transmits vivid and realistic? Find examples of descriptive words and images. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 11. How do you think Jonas feels now about the society he lives in? How have your feelings about it changed? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Where has the author used the color red in the story? How is “color” symbolic in the story? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Why does The Giver ask for forgiveness when he transmits the memory of war and thirst? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Literature Circle Discussion Questions Chapters 16-20 DIRECTIONS: These questions will help you focus on the chapters of The Giver and the major themes presented. Individually, and in your small groups, you will work to think about and discuss these questions so as further deepen your comprehension of this literary work. 1. What are the benefits to living in the society that Jonas lives in? What are the costs? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What memory does The Giver transmit to Jonas after the horror of war? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does Jonas realize about the way his society sets old people apart from young people? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the only memory The Giver has kept for himself? Why do you think he has saved this memory? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Do you consider Jonas’s world “advanced”? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How does Jonas’s accumulation of memories (or knowledge) make him feel? How do they change his understanding of the society he lives in? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why does Jonas ask his parents if they love him? What do they say? How does he feel? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Philosopher and statesmen Francis Bacon said, “Knowledge is pain.” Do you agree? Would Jonas? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What does Jonas learn about being Released? How does this affect how he thinks? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why and how does the society shield its citizens from the true meaning of “Release”? What might happen if everyone knew what Release really meant? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What happened to Rosemary? What were the implications for the society? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What do Jonas and The Giver decide to do? Do you think they are right? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Why does The Giver leave? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Literature Circle Discussion Questions Chapters 21-23 DIRECTIONS: These questions will help you focus on the chapters of The Giver and the major themes presented. Individually, and in your small groups, you will work to think about and discuss these questions so as further deepen your comprehension of this literary work. 1. What happens when Jonas leaves? Where does he go? What does he find? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How has Jonas’s life changed? How doe she react to his new experiences? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Do you think that Jonas regrets leaving? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What do you think happens in the end of the story? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How do you think Jonas’s “escape” and its aftermath will affect the society he left behind? What do you think will happen to The Giver? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Where and when do you think this story takes place – past, present, or future? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What did Jonas give up for freedom? What did he gain? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What did freedom mean for Jonas? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Real or Ideal? DIRECTIONS: Think about the societies discussed in class: the one you live in now, your native country’s, your “ideal” society, and the one that Jonas lives in. In the space below, choose the society you would prefer to live in and make a list of the traits that made you choose it instead of one of the others. The society I prefer is… ___________________________________________________ I like it because… ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ A slogan to promote this society to others who don’t know about it is: Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Getting to Know the Characters DIRECTIONS: Think about the characters introduced in The Giver. Fill out the chart below completely and thoroughly using evidence from the book to help you. Write at least 3 things in each box. Actions Character Traits JONAS Important Quotations Feelings Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Getting to Know the Characters DIRECTIONS: In order to further investigate the characters of The Giver, your group will now make a “character map” on chart paper for the character assigned to your group. This poster will help other groups learn about this character so make the poster as engaging as possible. Your “Character Map” Will Include Six Pieces: 1. A drawing of the character 2. Important quotations (things the character says) 3. A list of actions (things that the character does) 4. The character’s feelings 5. Words to describe the character’s character traits 6. A list of the ways that the character influences, or changes, Jonas’s life Make a sketch in the box to plan your poster before you begin. TIPS: Use quotes and evidence from the book to make the poster more powerful and accurate. Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Transitions, Rituals, & Ceremonies DIRECTIONS: Think of a time in your life when you experienced an important transition or change. This could be a time when you took part in a specific ceremony or it could be an occasion when you learned something new or gained independence. Answer the questions below to write down the details of this event. 1. How old were you? _______________________________________________________________ 2. What was the event or occasion? _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What did you have to do to prepare for it, if anything? _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How did it make you feel? ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Was anyone else involved? Who? What role did s/he play in this event? ____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why was this event or occasion important? ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: An Event To Be Remembered DIRECTIONS: Use the space below to write about an event that everyone in school experienced. Describe when and where the event took place, what you think was important about it, and how you felt about it. Write at least two paragraphs. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Looking at Your World vs. Jonas’s World DIRECTIONS: Think about how people are treated, the rules in place, the structure of how the society is governed, put in place, and run, and the other elements of Jonas’s society. Then, contrast Jonas’s society with your society. How are they different and in what ways do they have things in common? After thinking about these things, complete the Venn diagram below. Write at least five things in each part. Jonas’s Society Your Society Jonas’s Society & Your Society Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Remembrances of Things Past DIRECTIONS: Think of a memory that is special to you and significant in your life. This memory can be a personal memory of something that happened to you, a persona who influenced you, or a memorable event. Or it can be a conversation you often recall, words of advice you rely on for guidance, or something else that is meaningful to you. It can even be about an object that reminds you about an important person or event in your life. Take some time before you decide and choose the one that you feel the most compelled to write about for a story. Part I: Below you will find a few questions that will help you write the story of this memory. This will help you create an outline before you write your story. Title of Your Memory (be creative) Describe what happened in your memory: How old were you? Where were you? What happened? Who was there? Try to make the memory as vivid and clear as possible. Use imagery and descriptive language where you can. Give details and really make this memory come alive. Why is this memory important to you? Has this memory shaped who you are in any way? Has it influenced the choices you have made in your life since this happened? If so, how? Describe with detail. What impact do you think that this memory will have on your future? How will it affect your relationship with others? How will it shapes your dreams, hopes, and plans for your future? Why? Be as specific and clear as possible. What else, if anything, is important about this memory that you have not written yet? Part II: Use the brainstorming and writing you did above to help you now write the story of your memory. The order of your writing from Part I is a good outline for the structure of your story. Make sure your writing is well structured with appropriate grammar, punctuation, and sentence/paragraph structure. This story should grab the reader’s attention and keep them interested. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 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____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Remembrances of Things Past Peer/Self Review DIRECTIONS: Look over your/your partner’s first draft. Use the questions and guidelines below to help you correct any errors or find places that could use a little more work for your final draft. After you have finished reviewing the first draft, take those corrections/suggestions and apply them to the next version of the paper. 1. Are the details of the story clear and easy to understand? Is it clear what happened? YES or NO If NO, what areas are unclear and need to be rewritten in order to be more easily understood? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Do the people in the story seem real? Are the events believable? YES or NO or NO If NO, please write a few suggestions below to help improve these areas. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is it clear why this story is important? Was it engaging and specific YES If NO, please describe why not below. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What lesson does the story teach? Why is it important to learn this lesson? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Are there any spelling, grammar, or capitalization mistakes? YES or NO If YES, please work with your partner to correct those errors now. 6. Should any information be added or removed to make this piece of work stronger? If YES, what? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Future Horizons: Humanities: The Giver by Lois Lowry Date: ____________________ Class: ___________________ The Giver by Lois Lowry: Short Answer Responses DIRECTIONS: Utilize all that we have read and discussed to help you answer the questions below. For each question, write a welldeveloped paragraph that uses clear examples from the text to support your answers. 1. Why doesn’t The Giver leave? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why does Jonas leave? ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does Jonas give up for his freedom? _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What does freedom mean for Jonas? ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why is memory important? Think of your own memories to help you explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How would you have changed the ending? Would you have? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What does this story mean to you? _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________