Name ____________________________________ Hour _____
Studyguide on the Digestive System –
Mouth through Stomach
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Match the structures of the digestive system to their functions:
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anus
esophagus
gall bladder
large intestine
liver
mouth
pancreas
pharynx
small intestine
stomach
rectum
a. mechanically digests; mixes food with saliva; begins breaking down
starch
b. controls when defecation takes place
c. mechanically churns food to produce chyme; begins breaking down
proteins
d. produces an alkaline substance along with a number of enzymes
e. carries bolus to stomach using peristalsis
f. stores bile salts until needed
g. produces bile salts along with many other important functions
h. throat region
i. breaks down fats and finishes breaking down carbohydrates and
proteins
j. makes vitamins and absorbs 90% of the moisture from remaining
indigestable substances
k. gives sensation to prepare for defecation
Name ______________________________ Hour _____
1. What is another name for the Gastrointestinal or GI Tract?
2. Why are the contents within the GI tract still considered “outside” the body?
3. What are the 6 main components, not functions, of the GI tract?
4. Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.
5. There are a number of processes that take place within the digestive system. Which of these
processes is the ultimate goal of the digestive system?
6. What does ingestion mean?
7. What are the 2 examples of propulsion?
8. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
9. What 5 things do we eliminate from the body during
defecation?
10. (4 points) Label the visceral peritoneum, parietal
peritoneum, mesentery, and greater omentum below.
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11. What type of membrane is the peritoneum?
12. What is the function of the mesentery/mesocolon?
13. (4 points) What are the 4 basic layers of the organs within the Digestive System?
14. Which of these layers will have the most contact with the contents that the body is trying to
absorb?
15. Which layer contains the blood vessels and lymph vessels that will carry the nutrients away?
16. Why is it important for the muscularis to have 2 muscle layers instead of just one?
17. Which 2 of these layers contain the Enteric Plexi?
18. Which branch of the Central Nervous System stimulates digestion, the parasympathetic nervous
system or the sympathetic nervous system?
19. Why do coaches or other adults tell you not to exercise on a full stomach?
20. Where is the oropharynx located?
21. We have a hard palate that separates our oral cavity from our nasal cavity. Why is the soft palate
also necessary?
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22. (6 points) Label the missing structures of the oral cavity below: soft palate, hard palate,
sublingual duct, submandibular duct, lingual frenulum, uvula
23. Define bolus.
24. What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
25. Why is the lingual frenulum important?
26. THINK: Ankyloglossia is a condition in which the lingual frenulum is shorter and thicker than
normal. How would this condition most likely affect the person who has it?
Name which salivary gland each statement is describing:
P = Parotid
SMD = Submandibular
SBL = Sublingual
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Found just under the tongue, laterally on both sides.
Found between the masseter muscle and the ear
Found deep in the mandible
Produces most of the salivary amylase
Ducts open up near the upper molars
Ducts open on either side of the lingual frenulum
Has many ducts that open on either side underneath the tongue
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34. When you are nervous, does the body produce more saliva or less?
35. What is the average amount of saliva produced per day?
36. (4 points) Besides water, what 4 things does saliva contain?
37. Young children have 20 deciduous teeth. What does deciduous mean?
38. (7 points) Label the missing structures of the tooth below: enamel, crown, gingiva, pulp, dentin,
neck, root
39. Why must a tooth be “capped” after a root canal?
40. Once the tooth has “surfaced”, which part of the tooth will not regenerate if damaged?
41. What does the periodontal ligament do?
42. The epiglottis is a flap that separates the laryngopharynx from the glottis, the opening to the
trachea. Why is the epiglottis important?
43. Can the food you swallow reach the stomach if you are lying down? Explain.
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44. What is the cardiac sphincter?
45. Define chyme:
46. Patients have had their stomachs surgically reduced or even removed. What is the main purpose
of the stomach?
47. What are rugae and why are they necessary?
48. The stomach mechanically digests food using a process called churning. How is churning
different from peristalsis?
49. The stomach has an extra layer of muscle. What is this extra layer called?
50. Which macromolecule begins digestion in the stomach?
51. What kinds of things (4) can the stomach absorb?
52. The stomach is very acidic. Why is this acid important? (2 reasons are possible)
53. (8 points) Label the missing structures of the stomach below:
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54. What does the term “gastric” refer to?
55. (4 points) What 4 substances (not gastrin) make up the gastric juice? Do not list the cells.
56. Which cells release pepsinogen?
57. Which cells release HCL?
58. Pepsinogen is activated by HCL to become pepsin. What does pepsin do?
59. Why can’t cells make pepsin directly?
60. Which cells release gastrin?
61. How is gastrin different from the other substances made by the gastric glands?
62. What does gastrin do?
63. (3 points) What are 3 phases of digestion?
64. What triggers the cephalic phase?
65. What triggers the gastric phase?
66. What triggers the intestinal phase?
67. What is the enterogastric reflex?
68. (3 points) What 3 things does secretin do?
69. (3 points) What 3 things does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?