Tissues and Organization
I. Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body
1. _________________ – atoms combined to form molecules
2. _________________ – cells are made of molecules
3. _________________– consists of similar types of cells
4. _________________-made up of different types of tissues
5. __________________– consists of different organs that work closely together
6. __________________– made up of the organ systems
II. Body Tissue
____________________are groups of cells with similar structure and function. There are four primary types of tissue
1. __________________________________ (epithelium)
1. Locations: ____________________________, Body Linings, and Glandular Tissue
2. Functions Protection, Absorption, Filtration, and _______________________
3. Characteristics a. Cells fit closely together and often form sheets b. The apical surface is the free surface of the
tissue, c. The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane, d. vascular (no blood supply) e.
Regenerate easily if well nourished
Epithelial Classification
a. Number of cell layers _________________ (single) vs. _____________________ (more than one layer)
b. Shape of cells
_______________________________
a. __________________ –flattened tissue (in single layer) usually
forms membranes and line body cavities and lungs and capillaries
b. __________________-cube-shaped (in single layer) tissue common
in glands and their ducts; forms walls of kidney tubules, and covers
the ovaries
c. Columnar-column-like (in single laye) includes mucus-producing
goblet cells and line digestive tract.
________________________ Epithelia
a. __________________________-cells at apical surface are flattened.
Found as protective vocering where friction is common (skin, mouth,
esophagus)
b. __________________________-two layers of cuboidal cells (rare in
body found mostly in ducts and large glands)
c. __________________________-surface cells are columnar; cells
underneath vary in size and shape. (rare in body-found mostly in
ducts and large glands)
d. ____________________________- shape of cells depends upon the
amount of stretching; lines organs of the urinary system.
_________________________________
___________________ are one or more cells responsible for a
particular product. There are two types of glands
a. ________________ Glands are ductless with secretions diffusing
into blood vessels. Secretions are called hormones.
b. ________________ Gland secretions empty through ducts to the
epithelial surface (ie: sweat and oil glands)
2. _______________________ is found everywhere in the body. Includes the most abundant and widely distributed
tissues. Connective tissue functions to bind body tissue together, support the body, and provide protection. Some
connective tissue is well vascularized, while some have poor blood supply or are avascular.
The _______________________ is the non-living material that surrounds living cells. It consists of two main elements:
a. ____________________-mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules.
b. Fibers that are produced by cells. The three types include: _________ (white) fibers, ___________
(yellow) fibers, and _____________-fine fibers that form the skeleton of soft organs like the spleen.
Types of Connective Tissue:
1. _______________ (osseous tissue) Composed of Bone cells in lacunae (cavities), a hard matrix of
calcium salts, and a large numbers of collagen fibers. Bone is used to protect and support the body.
2. _______________________- the most common type of cartilage. It is composed of abundant collagen
fibers and a rubbery matrix. It is located in the larynx and the entire fetal skeleton before birth.
3. __________________________ which provides elasticity. Elastic cartilage is supports the external ear.
4. ________________________ is highly compressible and forms the cushion-like discs between vertebrae
5. ___________________________ (dense fibrous tissue). The main matrix element is collagen fiber with
rows of Fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells). This tissue makes up
i. _________________—attach skeletal muscle to bone
ii. _________________—attach bone to bone at joints
iii. _________________—lower layers of the skin
6. Loose connective tissue types-softer connective tissue
a. _________________________ the most widely distributed connective tissue, which consists of
soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”. Areolar tissue functions as a packing tissue and contains all
fiber types. Sometimes this tissue can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
b. __________________________ an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate. Many cells
contain large lipid deposits, which function to insulate the body, protect some organs, and
serves as a site of fuel storage
c. ___________________ connective tissue consists of a delicate network of interwoven fibers.
This tissue forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs. It is found in
lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
7. __________________ (vascular tissue) consists of blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood
plasma. The fibers are visible during clotting. Blood functions as the transport vehicle for materials
3. Tissue Repair and Healing
• _________________________
– Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
• _________________________
– Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)
• _________________________
– Type of tissue damaged
– Severity of the injury
Process
• ______________________ become very permeable
– Introduce clotting proteins
– A clot walls off the injured area
• Formation of ________________________________
– Growth of new capillaries
– Rebuild collagen fibers
• Regeneration of surface __________________________
•
•
–
Scab detaches
Tissues that regenerate easily
–
Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)
–
Fibrous connective tissues and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
–
Skeletal muscle
•
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
–
Cardiac muscle
–
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord