Body Systems
Tissue Types
Integumentary System
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Four Major Tissue Types
• Connective: binds and supports
body parts
• Muscular: allows movement
• Nervous: receives stimuli and
conducts impulses
• Epithelial: covers body surfaces,
lines body cavities
Three Components of Connective Tissue
Specialized cells
Ground Substance: Non-cellular
material separating cells
Protein Fibers
Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Contains fibroblast cells
• Matrix: ground substance +
fibers
• Protective covering for muscles,
blood vessels, nerves
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Collagen fibers packed together
• Forms
– Tendons: connect muscles to bone
– Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Fibrous Connective Tissue: Adipose Tissue
nucleus
•Cells store fat
•Found under skin, around kidneys, heart
Supportive Connective Tissue: Cartilage
• Solid, flexible matrix
• Cells located in chambers – lacunae
Elastic cartilage
--elastin fibers
--more flexible
--outer ear
Fibrocartilage
--strong collagen fibers
--between vertebrae
and in knee joint
Hyaline cartilage
--most common
--contains fine collagen fibers
--nose, ends of long bones
and ribs, walls of respiratory passages
Supportive Connective Tissue: Bone
• Solid, rigid matrix of calcium salts around
collagen fibers
• In compact bone, cells are located in spaces
between rings of matrix
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood
• Liquid matrix = plasma
– dissolved substances, eg. gases, ions
– suspended substances, eg. proteins
• Formed elements: cells and
cell fragments
– Red blood cells
– White blood cells
– Platelets
• Cell fragments that
aid in blood clotting
Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph
• Liquid matrix = lymphatic fluid
• Contains white blood cells
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
Adipose Tissue
Blood
Bone
Dense Fibrous
Connective Tissue
A. Which type of tissue has a liquid
matrix?
B. Which type of tissue stores fat?
C. Which type of tissue has a solid matrix
of calcium salts?
Muscular Tissue
• Cells are called muscle fibers
• Cells contain protein filaments called
actin and myosin
cell
striation
nucleus
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary
nucleus
nucleus
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons- conduct nerve impulses
• Neuroglia- support and nourish
neurons Receives signals from
other neurons
Maintains cell
metabolism
Conducts signals
to next neuron
Insulates neuron
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Squamous:
flattened cells
Pseudostratified
Columnar
Simple = one layer
Pseudostratified = appears
as multiple layers
Stratified = multiple layers
Cuboidal:
cube-shaped cells
Columnar:
elongated cells
Other Terms Related to
Epithelial Tissue
• Basement Membrane- joins
epithelium to underlying connective
tissue
• Gland- epithelial tissue that
secretes a product
– mucus
– hormones
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Connective Tissue
A. Which type of tissue includes cells in a solid
matrix, as for cartilage?
B. Which type of tissue covers body surfaces?
C. Which type of tissue receives and transmits
signals?
D. Which tissue has cells with actin and myosin
filaments?
Integumentary System:
Skin and Accessory Organs
• Regions of the Skin
– Epidermis
• stratified squamous epithelium
• cells become hardened due to keratin
• continually replaced from basal layer
• melanocytes give pigmentation
Integumentary System:
Skin and Accessory Organs
• Regions of the Skin
– Dermis
• dense fibrous connective tissue
• contains collagen and elastic fibers
• contains sensory receptors for touch,
pressure, pain and temperature
• has blood vessels to nourish skin
Integumentary System:
Skin and Accessory Organs
• Accessory Organs
– Nails
– Hair follicles
– Oil glands
– Sweat glands
Integumentary System:
Skin and Accessory Organs
• Functions
– Protects organs from physical trauma
– Protects body from infections
– Limits water loss
– Regulates temperature
Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Ability to bring about a change
Feedback in the opposite direction, leads
to stability
eg. temperature regulation
Positive
Rapid change in one direction
Feedback eg. giving birth
Control center
sends data to
control center
directs response
to stimulus
98.6F set point
Sensor
Effect
Temperature
Regulation
Blood vessels dilate;
sweat glands secrete.
negative feedback
and return to normal
temperature
stimulus
Normal body temperature
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Effect
Sensor
Blood vessels constrict;
sweat glands are inactive;
shivering may occur.
directs response
to stimulus
Control center
sends data to
control center
98.6F set point
Body Systems Contributing to
Temperature Regulation
Integumentary
System
Circulatory
System
Nervous System
Sweat glands
Dilation or Constriction
of Blood vessels
Hypothalamus
(regulatory center)
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dermis
Epidermis
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
A. Which is the outermost skin layer? (1 or 2)
B. Which skin layer contains blood vessels? (1 or 2)
C. Which mechanism controls blood glucose
levels? (3 or 4)
D. Which mechanism causes a fever to increase to
higher temperatures? (3 or 4)