Biology 1144-02
Exam II
Study Guide
Taxonomy & Phylogeny:
Definitions of taxonomy & phylogeny
Be able to examine a list of traits associated with a group of organisms and determine which
were ancestral and which are derived
Know what an outgroup is and how it is used to determine ancestral vs derived state of a
characteristic
F
Organism
A
B
C
D
E
F
Traits
1, 3, 5, & 7
1, 2, 3, 5, & 7
3&7
5&7
6&7
4
E
C
D
A
B
2
4
1
6
5
3
7
Know the difference between monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic
ie. a group containing organisms E & F would be ?
ie a group containing organisms D, A and B would be?
ie. a group containing just organism A would be ?
Know the 6 Kingdoms, List the names of each kingdom and the type of organism grouped into it.
Which Kingdoms contain prokaryotes and which kingdoms contain eukaryotes? (know what
these terms mean)
Know the meaning of the various morphological/developmental terminology used to describe the
various body plans that serve to distinguish animal phyla
Know each of the major phyla we overviewed in class. Fill in the table to be sure you have a
good knowledge of the important morphological traits/characteristics that are used to
classify animals into each of these phyla. – check our the diversity review page
Phyla
Major Distinguishing Characteristic(s)
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Protozoa:
Kingdom = ?, Eukaryote or Prokaryote?
Know the 4 groups we discussed in class AND the major characteristics used to classify
protozoans into these groups. Fill in the table below.
Phylum/Subphylum
Characteristics
Describe/Discuss how colonial single cellular organisms could have given rise to simple
multicellular organisms. What is the importance of the Volvox spp to this hypothesis?
Know the causative protozoans and their vectors for the following parasitic diseases:
Malaria
African sleeping sickness
Chaga’s disease
Giardiasis
Symbiosis:
What are the three types of symbiosis? (List and define/describe. Think of examples of each
type)
Phyla:
Porifera:
# of species?
Major characteristics ?
What characteristics are primarily used to classify poriferans at the Class level within the
phylum?
List each class we discussed and the characteristic used to define that class
In what environment (specifically) would you find the majority of sponges?
Give at least one example of how poriferans impact our lives.
Cnidaria:
# of species?
Major characteristics?
What characteristics are used to classify cnidarians at the Class level within the phylum?
List each class we discussed and the characteristic used to define that class
Describe the dimorphic lifecycle of a typical hydrozoan or scyphozoan (use of a diagram could
be beneficial)
Give a general description of the two body forms of cnidarians.
Platyhelminthes:
# of species?
Major characteristics?
What characteristics are used to classify platyhelminthes at the Class level within the phylum?
List each class we discussed and the characteristic used to define that class.
Discuss the general ramifications of a parasitic lifestyle for an organism.
Nematoda
# of species?
Major characteristics?
Know the groups of nematodes we discussed in class in regards to their pathogenicity.
What is the importance/relevance of C. elegans? What is one of the most unique things about
this organism that has contributed to it’s importance?
Know that nematodes represent THE largest group of parasitic organisms on earth!!
General Items to Remember
Derived vs ancestral traits.
Derived characteristics that set each phylum apart (those listed on the animal kingdom
Cladogram on the web page)
Embryonic Development
Know the stages of embryonic development that we covered in class. These stages are
characterized by either distinct morphologies or developmental processes which occur at
that time during development. Test your knowledge of this info by completing the table
below.
Embryonic
Stage
Processes/Morphology
Fertilization –
Zygote
formation
Cleavage Stage
Blastula
Gastrulation
Using the lecture outline and/or textbook, be sure you can describe each of the following items
Internal Fertilization vs. External Fertilization .
External Development vs. Internal Development .