AP Biology/ Presentation Outline
Ashley Kelch, Melanie Diaz, Joy Chao
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition
Overview: The Need to Feed
 Herbivore, Carnivore, omnivore
 Three nutritional needs
41.1 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal’s energy budget
 Different types of feeders (good, but do not spend too much time on this portion)
1. Suspension feeders (def + example)
2. Substrate feeders (def + example)
3. Fluid Feeders (def + example)
4. Bulk feeders (def + example)
 ATP generation by oxidation of energy-rich organic molecules
 Glucose regulation, example of Homeostasis
1. Excess calories
2. Glycogen depots
 Caloric Imbalance
1. Undernourishment
2. Overnourishment
3. Fats and Carbohydrates
 Obesity as a Human Health Problem
1. Inheritence
2. Weight regulation treatment
3. Example of leptin
 Obesity and Evolution
1. Natural selection favors individuals able to obtain fatty foods
42.2 An animal’s diet must supply carbon skeleton and essential nutrients
 Carbon skeleton
 Essential nutrients
1. Malnourishment (mineral) vs. undernourishment (caloric)
2. Four essential nutrients
 Essential Amino Acid
1. Protein deficiency
2. Reliable source
3. Animal products vs. plant products
 Essential Fatty Acid
1. Types needed for animals
2. Usage (general usage good, does not need to be too specific)
 Vitamins
1. Amount needed
2. Water soluble
3. Fat soluble
4. Usage (general usage good, does not need to be too specific)
 Minerals
1. Amount needed
2. Different minerals, usage
AP Biology/ Presentation Outline
Ashley Kelch, Melanie Diaz, Joy Chao
41.3 The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and
elimination (perhaps to save time, when you discuss the food processing you can simply
include ideas from 41.4 and 41.5 about how the mammalian body does this, otherwise it
is likely that you will run out of time.)
 Food Processing
1. First stage- ingestion
2. Second stage- digestion
3. Third stage- absorption
4. Fourth stage- elimination
 Digestive compartments
1. Intracellular digestion
2. Extracellular digestion
3. Gastrovascular cavity
4. Complete digestive tract (alimentary canal)
 Digestion is different animals
1. Hydra
2. Earthworm
3. Grasshopper
4. Bird
41.4 Each organ of the mammalian digestive system specialized food-processing
functions
 Digestion Process
1. Begins in the mouth . . .
 Gastric juices
1. In stomach
2. Break the peptide bonds of proteins
 Villi and microvilli
1. In the small intestine
2. Increase surface area for the absorption of nutrients
3. (Figure 41.21 Flowchart of enzymatic digestion in the human digestive
system)
 Hormones
1. Regulation of digestive organs
 Large intestine
1. Absorbs most of the water from the digested food back into the body before
the remains are excreted
 Bacterias
1. Those living in the large intestine produce vitamins
2. Minerals absorbed by mammals
41.5 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems are often associated with
diet
 Mammalian bodies
1. Development of adaptations
2. Specialized diet
 Herbivores
1. Benefit of bacteria in alimentary canal