10.1: Macromolecules and Essential Nutrients
Definitions:
Monosaccharides:
Disaccharides:
Polysaccharides:
Lipids:
Polypeptides:
Amino Acids:
Enzymes:
Specific digestive enzymes such as carbohydrase, lipase, and protease are involved in hydrolysis
reactions, of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
carbohydrates + carbohydrase + water → monosaccharide molecules
lipid + lipase + water → glycerol + fatty acids
proteins + protease + water → amino acid molecules
Minerals and vitamins are also essential nutrients
Vitamin or
Mineral
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Function in the Human Body
Forms bone, conducts nerve signals, contracts muscles, clots blood
Produces hemoglobin to transport oxygen in the blood
Supports enzyme function and is needed to produce protein
Promotes good vision, and healthy skin and bones
Helps absorb calcium and form bone
Strengthens red blood cell membranes
Water makes up two thirds of the mass of the human body. It is needed to:
- transport nutrients
- eliminate toxins and wastes
- lubricate tissues and joints
- regulate body temperature
- perform many other functions
10.1: Obtaining and Processing Food
Heterotrophs use multiple methods of obtaining food:
Filter Feeders – sponges, siphon water into their mouths and obtain small organisms to
digest from the water.
Substrate Feeders – earthworms, live on their food and eat their way through it.
Fluid Feeders – spiders, suck or lick nutrient – rich liquids from plants or animals.
Bulk Feeders – humans, ingest large pieces of food and break it down inside their bodies.
Define:
Alimentary Canal:
Digesting Food in the Digestive Tract:
Stage
Event
Food is taken in
Ingestion
Involves both physical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes) digestion
Digestion
Absorption Food is transported from the digestive system into the circulatory
system
Elimination Undigested solid waste matter is removed from the body
Learning Check:
1. List three macromolecules nutrients, a key function each one performs in the body, and a
food that each can be found in. [k/u]
2. What two things are needed in the body to break macromolecules down using hydrolysis?
[k/u]
3. Imagine you are training for a race. [App]
a) What nutrients would be important to consume in the weeks before the race? Why?
b) What nutrients might you choose to consume just before the race or during the race? Why?
4. Identify each animal as either a; filter feeder, substrate feeder, liquid feeder, or a bulk
feeder. [k/u]
a) Dog:
b) Snail:
c) Clam:
d) Honeybee:
5. Name the part(s) of the alimentary canal where each part of the digestive process occurs.
[k/u]
a) ingestion:
b) digestion:
c) absorption: