Name _________________________________________ Date ______________ Period ______
Biology
Winter Break Review
I. Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology
1. List the eight characteristics that all living things (organisms) share.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Have/are cells
Have DNA
Obtain/use energy (photosynthesis &
cellular respiration)
Maintain homeostasis (internal balance)
5.
6.
7.
8.
Respond to their environment
Reproduce
Grow/develop
Evolve/change over time as a population
2. Identify the following parts of an experiment.
a. variable – factors that can affect the outcome of an experiment
b. independent variable – the variable that is changed; tested
c. dependent variable – the variable that is the result of the independent variable
d. control group – part of the experiment that does not receive the independent variable.
e. experimental group – part of the experiment that receives the independent variable
3. Briefly explain the steps of the scientific method.
1. observation
2. question/problem
3. hypothesis
4. test the hypothesis with a controlled experiment
5. collect data
6. analyze data
7. draw a conclusion
8. repeat
9. publish the results
II. Chapter 2 – Chemistry
1. What is the basic unit of all matter?
The atom
2. Briefly explain the parts and function of the three major subatomic particles.
Protons – positively charged, determines atomic number
Neutron – no charge; has mass; involved in isotope formation
Electron – negatively charged; no mass; involved in ion formation
3. In the diagram to the right use dotted lines to
draw in the bonds that form between water
molecules. What is the name of these bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
4. Describe the polarity of a water molecule.
The hydrogen side is slightly positive; the oxygen side is slightly
negative.
5. What is solution? What are the two parts that make up a solution?
A solution is a mixture of two substances where on is dissolved into another. They are
not, however, chemically combined. The two parts are the solute and solvent.
6. Complete the following table:
Organic Compound
Monomer(s)
Example
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Sugar (glucose, fructose), starch, glycogen,
cellulose
Lipid
Glycerol/fatty acids
Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipid, sterols
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Enzymes
Antibodies
Actin/myosin
DNA/
RNA
7. What makes carbon unique as compared to other elements?
 Carbon binds to other carbons to form large molecules;
 they can form chains, branches, and rings;
 has 4 valence electrons
8. Define the following terms:
Enzyme- protein catalyst
Catalyst- substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up
Activation energy- energy required to start a chemical reaction
9. What factors affect the function of enzymes?
Temperature, pH, concentration of substrate, concentration of enzymes
10. Summarize how an enzyme functions.
Enzymes lower the activation energy when it binds to their substrates
III. Chapter 7 – Cell Structure and Function
1. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic





No nucleus
No membrane bound
organelles
Smaller
Circular DNA
Cell carries out ALL life
functions





Eukaryotic
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton





Nucleus present
Membrane bound
organelles present
Larger
Linear DNA
All life functions are
compartmentalized
2. List the major differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have chloroplast, cell wall, and a large central vacuole.
Animal cells do not have chloroplasts, cell walls, and have many small vacuoles (vesicles)
3. Identify the function of each of the organelles listed below:
Organelle
Function
Provides support and structure; allows movement of the cell
Cytoskeleton
as well as within the cell
Produces proteins
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Captures sunlight and coverts light energy to chemical energy
called sugar (glucose)
Protects the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Provides the cell with energy by converting sugar into a
simpler molecule that carries energy called ATP
Processes and ships proteins from ER and ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough – transports proteins from ribosomes
Smooth – makes phospholipids for cell membrane
4. List the five levels of organization in order from smallest to largest.
tissue
organ
organ system
Cell  _________________
 _____________
 ________________________
 Organism
5. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1. all living things are made of cells
2. cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things
3. cells only come from pre-existing cells
IV. Chapter 8 – ATP and Photosynthesis
1. Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis and identify each chemical symbol:
Light (energy)
6CO2 + _________
6H2O
_________
+ _________
C
6H12O6
6O2
_________
+ _________
2. What is the name of the energy molecule of the cell? How is it used?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP); adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is “energized” by adding a
third phosphate molecule to form ATP. When a cell needs energy, it breaks off the third
phosphate, releasing energy, and forming ADP to be recycled.
3. Label each part of the diagram of an ATP molecule below.
Adenine
____________
Ribose
__________
Triphosphate (3 phosphates)
_______________
4. Summarize the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The light dependent reactions take light energy and water to produce ATP and NADPH
for the light independent reactions through a series of chemical reactions. It also
produces oxygen as a by-product.
5. Explain why the light dependent reactions are important for the light independent reactions of
photosynthesis.
The light independent reactions require ATP and NADPH. The light dependent reactions
provide ATP and NADPH that the light independent reactions need.