Date _______
Chapter 1 – Intro to Biology
Mid-Term Review
Name _______________
1. When looking through a microscope explain the relationship between field of view and
magnification. As magnification increase field of view decreases.
2. What type of microscope was used to create this image of a fly?
How can you tell? Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – 3D
image
3. Why is a control necessary for a good experiment?
A control group does not receive the experimental treatment
and therefore can be used to compare with the experimental
group. In other words, the control group confirms an observed change was attributable to the
independent variable in the experimental group, and not by chance.
4. The __Independent_____, or manipulated variable is changed during the experiment. The variable
that can change in response variable mentioned above is called the __dependent_____, or
responding variable.
5. Why are theories different from hypotheses? Hypotheses refer to specific single questions that are
then united by theories. Theories are supported by wide bodies of evidence and many hypotheses
that have been accepted. Theories are accepted as true, but are not facts.
6. Science is a way of __knowing________.
7. What are the steps of the scientific method? List them below and write a brief description of each.
1. Ask question – What is the problem?
2. Form a hypothesis – A testable “if/then” statement that predicts an outcome or
infers a result
3. Set up a controlled experiment –Experiment should include
Independent/dependent variable, experimental group and control group
4. Record and analyze data – Carefully track qualitative and quantitative data, record
it, review it for patterns and data trends
5. Draw conclusions – Accept or reject hypothesis, discuss what the data says about
the experimental group vs. the control group. Conclude and share.
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
Name _______________
Chapter 2 – Inorganic Chemistry
8. In the diagram to the right use dotted lines to
draw in the bonds that form between water
molecules.
9. What is the name of this type of bond?
Hydrogen bonds
10. List two properties of water that result from
these bonds.
Cohesion (sticks to itself) and adhesion (sticks to something else)
11. Which of the solutions on the pH scale would have the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?
Stomach Acid (H+)
12. Is human blood acidic or basic? How can you tell?
Slightly basic (slightly more 0H-)
NAOH – Strong base
HCL – Strong acid
13. If a food has a sour taste, is it most likely an acid or a base?
Acid (lemon, lime, grapefruit)
14. What is a buffer?
Prevents a sharp sudden decrease or increase in pH. A buffer can absorb H+ or OH- (preventing a
shift) depending on how much of each ion is present in the solution. Our blood is buffered by HCO3the bicarbonate buffer.
25
Mn
In the chemical symbol to the left:
15. How many protons?
16. How many electrons?
55
17. How many neutrons?
__25____
__25____
__30____
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
Name _______________
18. Does the energy diagram to the right
represent an endergonic or exergonic
reaction?How can you tell?
Exergonic – reactants start at a higher
energy that the products suggesting energy
was released.
19. How is a covalent bond different from an
ionic bond? Covalent bonds share electrons
while ionic bonds transfer electrons.
20. How would you describe the bonds that exist in a water molecule?
Between oxygen and hydrogen there are covalent bonds, however, the electrons are not shared
equally so they are polar covalent, resulting in slightly negative and positive ends on the water
molecule.
Chapter 2 – Organic Chemistry
21. Complete the table with information about the types of organic molecules.
MOLECULE
MONOMER
Carbohydrate
monosaccharide
Lipid
Fatty acids &
Glycerol
POLYMER
polysaccharide
FUNCTION
Immediate energy
Lipids
Store energy
Nucleic Acids
nucleotide
Polynucleotide
Store, copy, transmit gen. inf.
Proteins
Amino acid
Protein
Control rate of reaction
EXAMPLE
Glucose, starch
Fats, oils, waxes
DNA/RNA
Catalase
22. When monomers are joined to make a polymer a water molecule is released. What is this reaction
called? Dehydration synthesis. What is the opposite (breaking apart molecules)? Hydrolysis.
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
Name _______________
23. In the diagram below shows an enzyme catalyzed reaction. In the diagram label the enzyme,
substrate, and active site. Fits as lock and key does.
Substrates
Active site
Enzyme
24. The diagram above shows the induced fit model. Explain the induced fit model?
Enzyme changes confirmation (shape) slightly to accommodate substrates and catalyze (speed up) the
reaction.
25. List two factors that affect the rate of enzyme activity.
pH and Temperature – these can denature the enzyme (change the shape, rendering it non-functional)
26. Enzymes are what class of organic molecule? Proteins (catalase, lactase, sucrose,
27. What type of organic compound is represented by the
diagram?
_____Fat - Tryglyceride______
28. Circle the glycerol molecule.
29. Put a box around the fatty acids.
Chapter 7 – Cells and Transport
30. Use the diagram to complete the table of cellular organelles.
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
Structure
Name _______________
Function
A Ribosome
Manufactures proteins from directions that come
from DNA.
B Cell
Regulates entry and exit to cell/protects, made of
Membrane
phospholipid bilayer
C Mitochondria Where cellular energy molecules (ATP) are
produced
D Centrioles
Form spindle fibers for cell division in animal cells
E Golgi
Final packaging and sorting (finishing) of proteins
Apparatus
– forms vesicles
F Endoplasmic Transports materials (proteins) around the cell –
Reticulum
forms vesicle
G Nucleolus
Inside nucleus, where ribosomes are made
31. Write out the 3 parts of the cell theory.
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things
3. New cells come from existing cells
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
Name _______________
32. Draw a phospholipid, be sure to include both the non-polar and polar parts.
Polar head (phosphorus)
Non-polar tails (lipid)
33. Why is our model of the cell membrane called a fluid mosaic model?
The phospholipid bilayer is fluid, meaning it is flexible and can be disrupted and return to it’s original
shape. It is also like a fluid because the parts (proteins, carbs, phospholipids, cholesterol) are not
stationary within the membrane, they can move laterally and vertically. It is like a mosaic because it
is made of many smaller parts.
34. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Be familiar with differences between plant and animal cells also.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
No Nucleus
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Less complex
Ribosomes
Complex
DNA circular
No organelles
Membrane bound organelles
DNA is linear
The cell in this beaker is bathed in a 5% NaCl solution. The membrane is permeable to water but not to
NaCl.
35. Label the areas that are hypertonic and hypotonic
3.7% NaCl
36. In which direction is the net movement of water here?
96.3% H2O
Into the cell
37. How will this affect the cell? Cell will expand
2% NaCl
98% H2O
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
38. Complete the table.
Name _______________
Types Transport
Type
Description
Active transport that moves material into the cell. Requires ATP
Endocytosis
Form of endocytosis that brings solid material into the cell. ATP
Phagocytosis
Active transport that moves material out of the cell. ATP
Exocytosis
Facilitative
Diffusion
Cell uses protein channels in membrane for molecules/ion sot diffuse
through (passive – no energy required)
Movement of water from high to low concentration - passive
Osmosis
Diffusion
Passive transport from high to low concentrations until equilibrium is
reached.
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis
Use the following key to answer questions the following questions.
A. Occurs during the light reaction
B. Occurs during the dark reaction
C. Occurs during both phases
D. Does not occur in either phase
__B___Produces a 3 carbon sugar (PGAL)
40. __D___Oxygen (O2) is used.
41. __B___Carbon dioxide (CO2) is used.
42. __A___Oxygen (O2) is produced.
43. __D___ADP and NADP are used for energy.
44. __A___Chemiosmosis
45. __D___Pyruvate is changed to Actely-CoA
46. __C___Occurs in the chloroplast
39.
Complete the following chemical equations
47. Photosynthesis
6CO2
6H2O
_________ + _________
48. Cellular Respiration
6O2
C6H12O6
_________ + _________
light
6O2
C
6H12O6
_________ + _________
6H2O
6CO2
_________ + _________ +
Energy/ATP
Mid-Term Review
Date _______
Name _______________
49. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic Acid
NADH
_________ + _________
Lactic
NAD+
Acid
_________
+ _________
50. Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvic Acid
NADH
_________ + _________
CO2
NAD+
_________
Alcohol + _________ + _________
Chapter 9 - Respiration
Use the following key to answer questions 15-22.
A. Lactic Acid Fermentation
B. Glycolysis
C. Kreb’s Cycle
D. Electron Transport Chain
__C___Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
52. __D___Uses high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to convert ADP and ATP
53. __C___Produces FADH2
54. __B___Occurs in the cytoplasm
55. __B___Produces 2 pyruic acid molecules, 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs
51.
56. Complete the table.
Types of Reactions
Type
Anabolic
(synthesis)
Catabolic
Description
Example
(photosynthesis or
respiration)
Photosynthesis captures the suns energy and converts it to
chemical energy in the chloroplast ( ATP + NADPH),
eventually making glucose (sugar)
Respiration breaks down glucose to release the energy
stored in sugars (glucose) – makes ATP for cells.
Photosynthesis
(break-down)
Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions.
57. Label the following parts of the mitochondria:
A: Cristae
B: Matrix
C: Inner Membrane Space
58. What two processes happen inside and on the edge of the
area labeled B? Krebs cycle – in matrix, ETC on inner
membrane
Respiration
Date _______
Mid-Term Review
Name _______________
Chapter 12 - DNA
59. The structure to the right which contains a phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous base is known as a
____Nucleotide_________.
60. This is a monomer of which organic molecule?
DNA – two polynucleotide strands joined together in a double helix
61. What are the three main functions of the DNA molecule?
1. ___Store genetic information________________________
2. ____Copy genetic information_______________________
3. ____Transmit genetic information_______________________
62. What type of chemical bond holds the base pairs (rungs of the ladder) together?
Hydrogen bonds
63. What is a gene?
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, which then expresses itself as a trait.
64. DNA holds the information (codes) necessary to make what other organic molecule?
Proteins – manufactured from codes contained in DNA’s base pairs (ACTG) at the ribosome.
65. Where is DNA located within the cell? Nucleus – protected there