Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. L. Bacha
Chapter Outline (Marieb & Hoehn 2013)
what is another term for joints?
define joints:
what are the two fundamental functions of joints?
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
joints are classified by what?
structural classification focuses on what?
 list the three categories of joints based on the structural classification:
on what is the functional classification based?
 name and define the three types of joints based on the functional classification:
1.
2.
3.
FIBROUS JOINTS
define fibrous joints:
the amount of movement allowed depends on what?
list the three types of fibrous joints (and examine Fig. 8.1 as you study each type):
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 1
1. SUTURES
 where do they occur?
 suture = a joint in which the articulating bones are joined by a small amount
of fibrous connective tissue with short fibers
Classified functionally,
are sutures
synarthroses,
amphiarthroses, or
diarthroses?
 the wavy and irregular edges of the bones joined by sutures interlock
 what happens during middle age?
- at this stage, the closed, fused sutures are called what?
2. SYNDESMOSES
 in a syndesmosis, the bones are connected exclusively by what?
Functionally,
syndesmoses may allow
slight to considerable
movement, depending on
the length of the
connecting fibers.
 are the CT fibers longer than those of sutures?
 the length of the CT fibers can vary; list two examples of syndesmoses and
indicate how much movement is allowed:
3. GOMPHOSES
 define a gomphosis
 name the only example of a gomphosis:
 what is the short fibrous connection in a gomphosis called?
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
 in cartilaginous joints, the articulating bones are united by what?
 list the two types of cartilaginous joints:
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 2
1. SYNCHONDROSES
How are nearly all
synchondroses
classified functionally?
 in a synchondrosis, what unites the bones?
 name two examples of synchondroses:
How about
symphyses?
2. SYMPHYSES
 what unites the bone in a symphysis?
 what does the fibrocartilage act as and what does it permit?
list the two examples of a symphysis:
Classified
functionally, are
synovial joints
synarthroses,
amphiarthroses,
or diarthroses?
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
 most of the joints of the skeleton are synovial joints; describe synovial joints:
GENERAL STRUCTURE
Synovial joints have 6 distinguishing features. Write the headings shown in bold print (next to the little red
squares) on p.252 (and find the structures in Fig. 8.3):
 1.
 describe articular cartilage:
 what are the functions of articular cartilage?
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 3
 2.
 typically called a synovial cavity
 describe a synovial cavity:
 3.
 the articular capsule (joint capsule) is a two-layered, sleeve like capsule that surrounds the synovial joint,
encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones; its two layers are:
1.
fibrous layer
- describe the fibrous layer:
- what is the function of the fibrous layer?
2.
synovial membrane
- describe the synovial membrane:
- what does the synovial membrane line and cover?
- what is the function of the synovial membrane?
 4.
 what does a small amount of synovial fluid occupy?
 how is this fluid derived?
 describe the consistency of synovial fluid and state what it is due to:
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 4
 functions of synovial fluid:
- what does synovial fluid provide?
-∙read about weeping lubrication! What is its function?
- what is the function of phagocytic cells in synovial fluid?
 5.
 many synovial joint are reinforced and strengthened by bandlike ligaments (parallel bundles of dense
regular CT) that may be within or lie outside of the articular capsule
 6.
 does the joint capsule of synovial joints have a rich supply of sensory nerve fibers?
- what do they detect and monitor?
 is the synovial membrane well-vascularized?
Besides the basic components listed above, certain synovial joints have:
 fatty pads
 articular discs (menisci), which are discs or wedges of what type of tissue?
- what do the articular discs extend inward from and what do they divide?
- what are the functions of these articular discs?
- give examples of joints in which articular discs occur?
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 5
BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS
 bursae and tendon sheaths are often associated with synovial joints and contain synovial fluid, which acts as
a lubricant to reduce what?
 define bursae :
- where do they occur?
 define tendon sheaths:
- where are they common?
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STABILITY OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
 list (and read about!) the three factors on which the stability of joints chiefly depends:
MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS
 what is a skeletal muscle’s origin attached to?
 what is a skeletal muscle’s insertion attached to?
 body movements occur when what happens?
Bones are important,
They do a big job.
Without them you'd be just
A big squishy blob.
by J. Moss
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 6
List the three general types of movements:
 Review Fig. 8.5 to Fig. 8.6 as you study these types of movements:
GLIDING MOVEMENTS
 simplest type; gliding occurs when what happens?
 list the three examples of where gliding movements occur:
ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
 cause a change in the angle between two bones; Define theses types and read the examples for each:
Flexion –
Extension –
Hyperextension –
Abduction –
Adduction –
Circumduction –
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 7
ROTATION
 turning of a bone around its own long axis
 what joints allow rotation?
 what is rotation directed toward the midline called?
 what is rotation directed away from the midline called?
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
 occur only at certain joints; Define theses types and read the examples for each:
Supination - refers to rotating the forearm how?
Pronation -
Dorsiflexion -
Plantar flexion -
Inversion -
Eversion -
Protraction -
Retraction -
Elevation -
Depression -
Opposition -
C h a p t e r
8
J o i n t s
Page 8
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
 synovial joints can be classified into six major categories based on what?
 see Fig. 8.7 for the following information: For each of these four types of synovial joints, indicate the
shapes of the joint surfaces, what type of movement they allow, and give examples for each:
 plane joints -
 hinge joints -
 pivot joints -
 ball-and-socket joints -
Skim through the rest of the chapter, which has detail on selected joints and joint
problems. Please realize that this information is there for you to read if you are
curious or for future reference!
C h a p t e r
The End!
8
J o i n t s
Page 9