Classification and Taxonomy Chapter 18
Why Classify?
To study the diversity of life, biologists _________________________________________________________.
______________ is the branch of biology concerned with identifying and naming organisms.
By the eighteenth century, European scientists recognized that referring to organisms by __________________ was confusing.
Common names vary among languages and even among regions within a single _____________________.
For example, a cougar can also be called a ___________, a ______________, or a __________________.
Binomial Nomenclature
A major step to name organisms was taken by ____________________________, a Swedish botanist who lived
during the eighteenth century.
He developed a two-word naming system called __________________________ (by-NOH-mee-ul NOH-mun-klay-chur).
This system is still in use ______________.
In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a __________________________________________.
RULES for writing scientific names:
1._________________________________
3._________________________________
2.__________________________________
4.__________________________________
For example: Ursus arctos (_____________ __________)
For example: Ursus maritimus (_____________ __________)
The genus can be abbreviated!
Ex. U. arctos or U. maritimus
Linnaeus's Hierarchical System of Classification
Linnaeus's classification system is _______________________; that is, it consists of levels.
Linnaeus's hierarchical system of classification includes levels. They are—from LARGEST to SMALLEST—
____________, Phylum, Class, ____________, Family, Genus, and __________.
Here is an easy way to remember the MODERN levels:
Do __________________________________________________________________________________?
Do = _______________ Kings = _______________ Play = _________
Chess = __________
On = ____________ Funny = __________ Green = _______________ Squares? = ____________
In taxonomic nomenclature, or naming system, each of those levels is called a _____ (plural: taxa), or taxonomic category.
The ________________the category, the more _________________it is.
Members of taxon share __________________________________.
Phylogeny
Linnaeus and other taxonomists have always tried to group organisms according to biologically important characteristics.
Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or _____________,
not just physical ___________________.
Phylogeny is _______________________________________________________________________________.
A phylogenetic tree indicates _________________________________________________________________.
Derived characters can be used to construct a cladogram, a diagram that shows ___________________________
Cladograms are useful tools that help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution.
All of the classification methods discussed so far are based primarily on __________ similarities and differences.
The ___________ of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level.
Similarities in ________ can be used to help determine ______________________________________________________.
Classification Systems
Early biologists recognized two kingdoms: __________ (kingdom Animalia) and ________ (kingdom Plantae).
In 1969, R. H. Whittaker suggested a five kingdom system based on ________, organization, and __________.
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In recent years, biologists came to recognize that the _____________were composed of two distinct groups and
they have been separated into two kingdoms, _____________ and _________________, bringing the total
number of kingdoms to six.
Members of Monera (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria) are prokaryotic _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Members of Protista are mainly ________________________________________________________________
The Plantae are multicellular eukaryotes, ______________________________________________________
Members of Animalia are multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic by ingestion, are generall y mobile.
Members of the Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic saprotrophs that form spores, lack flagella and
have cell walls containing chitin.
Domains
Molecular analyses (ex Molecular Clocks) have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientists.
The domain is a more ___________ category than any other—larger than a ____________________.
The three domains are domain ________________, _______________, and ________________.
The domain Bacteria corresponds to the kingdom ____________________
The domain Archaea corresponds to the kingdom ___________________.
The domain Eukarya corresponds with kingdoms: _______________, Plantae, Fungi, and ____________.
1. What is taxonomy?________________________________________________________________________
2. List 3 names for a cougar:___________________________________________________________________
3. Who developed a two-word naming system?__________________________
4. List 4 rules for applying binomial nomenclature:__________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
5. Circle the correct scientific name for a North American Badger: Taxidea taxus OR Taxidea Taxus OR Taxidea taxus
6. Which term in #5 is the genus?_________________ species?___________________
7. What does hierarchical mean?__________________________________________________________________
8. LIST the EIGHT levels of Linnaeus's hierarchical system of classification from SMALLEST to LARGEST:
Species, ________________________________________________________________________________
9. Write the sentence that will help you remember Linnaeus's hierarchical system of classification from LARGEST
to SMALLEST :______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is a taxon?___________________________________________________________________________
11. What is phylogeny?_________________________________________________________________________
12. What does a phylogenetic tree indicate?_________________________________________________________
13. What is a cladogram?________________________________________________________________________
14. LIST the original Kingdoms of Whittaker’s system:________________________________________________
15.___________________are multicellular eukaryotes, autotrophic by photosynthesis.
16. ___________________are prokaryotic bacteria that obtain organic molecules by absorption or photosynthesis.
17.___________________are multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic saprotrophs that form spores, lack flagella and
have cell walls containing chitin.
18.____________________are multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic by ingestion, are generally mobile.
19.____________________are mainly unicellular eukaryotes that obtain organic molecules by absorption, ingestion,
or photosynthesis.
20. The domain _______________corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria
21. The domain _______________ corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
22. The domain ____________________corresponds with kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista
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