CHAPTER 11 – MOTIVATION & EMOTION
Motive – inner directing
 bodily
 cue
 feeling
when one or more
Emotion – experience
Activate and
I.
PERSPECTIVE ON EMOTION
A. Turn of the
B. 1890- William James
C. Drive Reduction Theory –
D. Doesn’t explain all –
E. Not all
II.
PRIMARY DRIVES
 Unlearned and
A. Hunger
1. Hungry – you
2. 2 centers in the
a. Hunger center
b. Satiety center
c. Both
d. Neurons in
e. Neurons passing
f. Amygdala
B.
C.




3. Brain monitors
4. Increase level of
5. Brain monitors amounts and
6. Some evidence
7. Another regulator
8. With exception
9. External cues
10. Rodin (1985) – such external cues
11. Hunger drive
12. Social influences
13. Way respond
Thirst
1. Controlled by 2
2. Salt – water leaves
3. Don’t fully
4. Outside cells –
5. 2 regulators
6. Although primary drive –
Sex
Can be
Humans are
Experience shapes
Not vital to
1. Biological factors in arousal
a. Powerfully affected
b. Testosterone –
c. May be affected by
d. Nervous system
e. Brain exerts
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
III.
Psychological influences on sexual
motivation
Humans motivated
Number of stimuli
Gender differences
1) Men more
2) Women more
Also differences
STIMULUS MOTIVES
 Largely unlearned
 Main function
 Activity, curiosity,
A. Activity
1. People need
2. Age, sex
3. Not sure if
B. Exploration and curiosity
1. Activated by new
2. Even animals
3. Animals seem
4. Are reservations –
5. As learn and
C. Manipulation
1. Directed toward
2. Seems be
3. Related to
a. Need to
b. Need to
4. Brighter the object,
D. Contact
1. Want to
2. Broader and
3. Not limited
4. Contact can
5. Harlow 1958; Harlow & Zimmerman
1959
IV.
LEARNED MOTIVES – SOCIAL MOTIVES
 center of relationships
 as grow governed
A. Aggression
1. All behavior
2. Judging from crime
3. Why so
a. Part of
b. In response
4. Frustration generates
5. Aggression may
6. Freud – aggression
7. One important
8. Today feel is
9. Seeing aggressive model
10. Aggression can be
B. Achievement
1. Interest in
2. Need for
3.
3 separate but interrelated aspects
V.
a. Work orientation
b. Mastery
c. Competitiveness
4. Helmreich & Spence – high degree
a. highly competitive
b. preoccupation with
c. overwhelming need to
5. General traits of those high in need
a. Fast
b. Driven need
c. Energetic and few
d. Tense and
C. Power
1. Need win
2. Like achievement
3. Winter (1976) – interesting relationship
a. President when country
b. Power motive scores
c. President with higher
D. Affiliation
1. Need to be with
2. Aroused when
3. May result from
4. Fear and
5. Schachter – one reason
6. Rofe (1984) – people seek
7. Affiliation behavior
HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES
A.
B.
C.
D.
VI.
Maslow arranged
Higher motives
Maslow –
Criticisms –
a. Based primarily on
b. Useful way to
EMOTIONS
 like motives can
 can classify according to
*approach in
*avoid
*approach in
 emotions can begin
 Yerkes-Dodson Law – more complex the task
A. Basic Emotional Experiences – Plutchik –
1980
1. Plutchik – all “animals” have 8
2. Each helps us
3. Different emotions can
4. Variety levels
5. In general the more
B. Theories of Emotions
1. James-Lange Theory – stimuli cause
2. Emotion simply aware of
3. Facial expressions can
4. Most physiological “signs”
5. Cannon-Bard Theory – emotions and
6. Cognitive Psychology – what you
7.
8.
VII.
Pennebaker & Skelton (1981) – 2 part
process
*respond with
*then search
*more attention
Critics
*reject idea
*Zajnoc-affective system
*Izard – babies born
THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION
A. Verbal Communication
1. Many reasons
2. Sometimes diminish
B. Nonverbal Communication
1. Transmit good deal
2. Facial expressions most
3. Many facial expressions innate
4. Charles Darwin – most animals
5. Some emotions
6. Body language
7. Birdwhistell 1952 – Kinesics
8. Can contradict
9. Rosenthall (1974,1979) – Profile of
Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) –
10. Women consistently better than
11. Sensitivity to
12. Empathy – closely related to
13. Distance – culturally
14. Explicit Acts –
15. False cues
VIII. GENDER DIFFERENCES AND EMOTION
A. Males and females
B. Men just as
C. Some circumstances
D. When men angered
E. Women more
F. Men 4 times more