Biological and Social Motives
Biological Motives
• A. Some of our behavior is determined by the
internal, or physiological, state of the organism
– Critical to our survival and well being
– Homeostasis-tendency to correct imbalances and
deviations from their normal state
• B. Hunger
– Body requires food to grow
– Lateral hypothalamus- produces hunger signals
– Ventromedial hypothalamus-causes one to stop eating
Social Motives
• Learned from interactions with other people
• A. Need for Achievement
– Desire to set challenging goals and to persist in
trying to reach those goals despite obstacles,
frustrations, and setbacks
• B. Fear of Failure
– Choose easy or non-challenging tasks where
failure is unlikely
Social Motives (Cont.)
• C. Fear of Success
– Motive to avoid success
• D. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
– Abraham Maslow
– All human beings need to feel competent, win
approval and recognition, and to sense that they
have achieved something
– Draw Hierarchy in notebook
Maslow’s Hierarchy
• Three Categories of needs
– Fundamental Needs- biological drives that must
be satisfied to maintain life
– Psychological Needs- urge to belong and to give
and receive love, and urge to acquire esteem
– Self Actualization Needs- to fulfill one’s unique
potential
Section 3-Emotions
• Emotion- set of complex reactions to stimuli
involving subjective feelings, physiological
arousal and observable behavior
• Emotional Intelligence-ability to perceive,
imagine, and understand emotions and to use
that information in decision making
• Three parts to emotions: 1. physical, 2.
behavioral, 3. cognitive
• Charles Darwin- The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
– All people express basic feelings the same way
Physiological Theories
• A. The James Lange Theory (William James,
Carl Lange)
– Emotion is gut reaction to things taking place
around us, internal bodily changes.
• B. The Cannon-Bard Theory (Walter Cannon,
Philip Bard)
– Certain experiences activate Thalamus, sends
message to other organs
– 2 reactions (arousal and experience of emotion)
Cognitive Theories
• The Schacter-Singer Experiment
– Read p. 333-334
– Internal components of emotion affect a person
differently depending on their interpretation or
perception of social situation
Cognitive Theories
• Opponent-Process Theory
– Homeostatic theory of emotional reactions
– Based on classical conditioning
• Removal of a stimulus that excites one emotion causes
a swing in the opposite emotion
• Ex-Girlfriend vs. wife
• What emotions are harder to convey than
others?
• Are there consistent differences in
interpretations between individuals
• How important is the Social context in
perceiving other people’s emotions?
Assignment
• P. 336 Questions 1-4
• P. 339 Reviewing Vocabulary 1-10