Hazardous Substances Data Bank,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
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2-AMINO-1,3,4-TRIAZOLE
CASRN: 61-82-5
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
The Human Health Assessment Group in EPA's Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment has evaluated amitrole for carcinogenicity. According to their analysis, the
weight-of-evidence for amitrole is group B2, which is based on inadequate evidence in
humans and sufficient evidence in animals. As a group B2 chemical, amitrole is
considered a probable human carcinogen.
[USEPA; Methodology for Evaluating Potential Carcinogenicity in Support of
Reportable Quantity Adjustments Pursuant to Cercla Section 102 (Final) p.37 (1988)
EPA/600/8-89/053]**PEER REVIEWED**
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of amitrole.
There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of amitrole.
Overall evaluation: Amitrole is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
(Group 3). In making its evaluation, the Working Group concluded that amitrole
produces thyroid tumors in mice and rats by a non-genotoxic mechanism, which involves
interference with the functioning of the thyroid peroxidase, resulting in a reduction in
circulating thyroid hormone concn and incr secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.
Consequently, amitrole would not be expected to produce thyroid cancer in humans
exposed to concn that do not alter thyroid hormone homeostasis. An additional
consideration of the Working Group, based on lack of genotoxicity of amitrole, was that
the liver tumors in mice and benign tumors in rats were also produced by a non-genotoxic
mechanism. Evidence from epidemiological studies and from toxicological studies in
experimental animals provide compelling evidence that rodents are substantially more
sensitive than humans to the development of thyroid tumors in response to thyroid
hormone imbalance.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. 79 403 (2001)]**QC REVIEWED**
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.14]**QC REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... MINIMAL DERMAL IRRITATION; NO EVIDENCE OF SYSTEMIC TOXICITY.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 21]**PEER REVIEWED**
NO SIGNS OF INTOXICATION WERE OBSERVED IN 39-YR OLD WOMAN
AFTER INGESTION OF COMMERCIAL PREPN CONTAINING 30% AMITROLE
(20 MG/KG BODY WT) & 56% 3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL N,N'-DIMETHYLUREA
(DIURON).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 39(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SYMPTOMS OF POISONING: NOT NOTED IN CASE OF PURE AMITROLE. IN
EVENT OF INGESTION OF AMITROLE-T, THIOCYANATE POISONING
SHOULD BE SUSPECTED.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 21]**PEER REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated,
in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be
taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or
mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.23]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
A primary exposure route of amitrole to the general population may occur through oral
consumption of contaminated food although food monitoring data is limited. Some
exposure may result from oral consumption of contaminated drinking water or inhalation
of contaminated air near areas of high usage, such as herbicidal spraying. Occupational
exposure by dermal and inhalation routes related to the use of amitrole as a herbicide
may be significant. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
The National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) estimates that 82 workers are
exposed to amitrole(1).
[(1) NIOSH; Current Awareness File (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** TRIAZINE HERBICIDES ***, is relevant for this HSDB
record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Human overdose information is limited. Triazine and
triazine-related herbicides inhibit aliphatic amino
acid synthesis in plants. This pathway does not exist
in mammalian species, and this class of herbicides
generally has a low degree of mammalian toxicity in
animal studies. THESE HERBICIDES ARE MARKETED IN A WIDE
VARIETY OF LIQUID AND GRANULAR FORMULATIONS. THE
TOXICITY OF THE FORMULATED PRODUCTS MAY BE LARGELY
DETERMINED BY INGREDIENTS OTHER THAN THE TRIAZINE
HERBICIDE. A POISON CONTROL CENTER OR THE PRODUCT
MANUFACTURER SHOULD BE CONTACTED TO OBTAIN
PRODUCT-SPECIFIC INFORMATION IN THE EVENT OF SERIOUS
TOXICITY.
B) Ingestion of an herbicide containing atrazine,
aminotriazole, ethylene glycol and formaldehyde has
been associated with coma, circulatory collapse,
hepatic necrosis, renal failure and disseminated
intravascular coagulation.
C) When fed to sheep and cattle at high dosage, atrazine
caused anorexia, salivation, depression of activity,
muscle spasms and fasciculations, ataxia, increased
body temperature and dyspnea.
D) Ocular and skin irritation may occur following TRIAZOLE
exposure.
E) A single case report suggests that lung injury may
occur after inhalation of amitrole. It is not clear
that there is a causal relationship in this isolated
case report.
F) A death has also been reported following ingestion of a
mixture of amitrole and ammonium thiocyanate, with
cyanosis, sweating, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea,
hypotension, heart block, chest X-ray abnormalities,
esophageal and gastric injury, and renal failure.
However, the reported thiocyanate concentration was
sufficient to account for the observed findings and the
role of the amitrole, if any, is not known.
0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
0.2.3.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Increased body temperature has been reported in animal
studies.
0.2.4 HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Trizole and Atrazine may cause ocular irritation.
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Circulatory collapse occurred following ingestion of an
atrazine-containing herbicide.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) A single case report suggests that lung injury may
occur after inhalation of amitrole. It is not clear
that there is a causal relationship in this isolated
case report. Dyspnea has been reported in animal
studies.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Coma was reported following ingestion of an herbicide
containing atrazine, aminotriazole, ethylene glycol and
formaldehyde.
B) Muscle tremors, tetany, and ataxia have been reported
in animals following ingestions of triazine herbicides.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Anorexia and salivation have been seen in animal
studies.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Hepatic necrosis has been reported.
0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Renal failure was reported several hours after
intentional ingestion of an herbicide containing
atrazine, aminotriazole, ethylene glycol and
formaldehyde.
0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation developed
several hours after intentional ingestion of an
herbicide containing atrazine, aminotriazole, ethylene
glycol and formaldehyde.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Atrazine is a skin sensitizer.
0.2.16 ENDOCRINE
0.2.16.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Hyperthyroidism and increased T3 levels with normal
thyroxine and TSH levels were observed in animal
studies. Atrazine appeared to interfere with
hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian axis function
in ovariectomized rats.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A) Atrazine teratogenicity and embryotoxicity studies in
rats and rabbits have produced mixed results.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW
A) ACGIH lists atrazine in Category A4, "not classifiable
as a human carcinogen" and amitrole in Category A3,
"confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to
humans."
0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY
A) Conflicting results have been obtained in various
genetic tests for atrazine, and there is no consensus
about its genotoxicity. The weight of evidence approach
indicates that atrazine is not a genetic hazard.
Laboratory:
A) The triazines can be measured in blood and urine by
government, university, and industrial laboratories.
These levels, however, are of little relevance in
treating a poisoning.
B) TRIAZOLE - Daily administration of amitrole was
associated with thyroid enlargement in animal studies.
Thyroid size and function should be evaluated following
large acute exposures or long-term occupational exposures
to amitrole.
Treatment Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because
there is so little information about the effects of
overdose in humans.
B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
C) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a
potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can
be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1
hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and
left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal
intubation. Control any seizures first.
1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes
or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated
patients; following ingestion of corrosives;
hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at
risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and
trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
D) If persons exposed to triazines exhibit symptoms of
severe toxicosis, concurrent absorption of other or
additional toxins should be considered.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist
ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled
beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A) OVERVIEW
1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
A) TRIAZINE HERBICIDES ARE MARKETED IN A WIDE VARIETY OF
LIQUID AND GRANULAR
1) FORMULATIONS. THE TOXICITY OF THE FORMULATED PRODUCTS
MAY BE DETERMINED MAINLY BY INGREDIENTS OTHER THAN THE
TRIAZINE HERBICIDE. A POISON CONTROL CENTER OR THE
PRODUCT MANUFACTURER SHOULD BE CONTACTED TO OBTAIN
PRODUCT-SPECIFIC INFORMATION IN THE EVENT OF SERIOUS
CLINICAL TOXICITY.
B) Most triazines exhibit low systemic toxicity in
laboratory rodents and farm animals.
C) Ingestion of atrazine 800 mg in a child and 4 mg/kg in an
adult resulted in no reported toxicity.
[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO,
2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):
TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume
122, edition expires Nov, 2004.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
The Human Health Assessment Group in EPA's Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment has evaluated amitrole for carcinogenicity. According to their analysis, the
weight-of-evidence for amitrole is group B2, which is based on inadequate evidence in
humans and sufficient evidence in animals. As a group B2 chemical, amitrole is
considered a probable human carcinogen.
[USEPA; Methodology for Evaluating Potential Carcinogenicity in Support of
Reportable Quantity Adjustments Pursuant to Cercla Section 102 (Final) p.37 (1988)
EPA/600/8-89/053]**PEER REVIEWED**
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of amitrole.
There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of amitrole.
Overall evaluation: Amitrole is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
(Group 3). In making its evaluation, the Working Group concluded that amitrole
produces thyroid tumors in mice and rats by a non-genotoxic mechanism, which involves
interference with the functioning of the thyroid peroxidase, resulting in a reduction in
circulating thyroid hormone concn and incr secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.
Consequently, amitrole would not be expected to produce thyroid cancer in humans
exposed to concn that do not alter thyroid hormone homeostasis. An additional
consideration of the Working Group, based on lack of genotoxicity of amitrole, was that
the liver tumors in mice and benign tumors in rats were also produced by a non-genotoxic
mechanism. Evidence from epidemiological studies and from toxicological studies in
experimental animals provide compelling evidence that rodents are substantially more
sensitive than humans to the development of thyroid tumors in response to thyroid
hormone imbalance.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. 79 403 (2001)]**QC REVIEWED**
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.14]**QC REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
RATS FED AMINOTRIAZOLE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER (12-14 MG/DAY)
DEVELOPED THYROID GOITER WITH CONSIDERABLE INCR IN THYROID WT
& MICROSCOPIC EVIDENCE OF COLLOID LOSS WITH GLANDULAR
HYPERPLASIA. INCR THYROID WT RESULTED FROM FEEDING OF 50, 250, &
1250 PPM IN DRINKING WATER FOR 106 DAYS.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:
Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982.
2703]**PEER REVIEWED**
... 18 MALE & 18 FEMALE MICE /7 DAYS OLD/ OF 2 HYBRID STRAINS,
(C57BL/6XC3H/ANF)F1 & (C57BL/6XAKR)F1 WERE ADMIN 1000 MG/KG BODY
WT/DAY AMITROLE IN DISTILLED WATER ... BY STOMACH TUBE ... /UNTIL/
4 WK OF AGE ... /& THEN/ 2192 PPM /IN/ ... DIET ... UNTIL END OF ... PERIOD
(53-60 WK). OF 72 ... FROM BOTH STRAINS ... 64 ... /HAD/ CARCINOMAS OF
THYROID. LIVER TUMORS, BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS HEPATOMAS, WERE
OBSERVED IN 16/18 MALE AND IN 18/18 FEMALE (C56BL/6XC3H/ANF)F1
HYBRIDS AND IN 16/18 MALE AND IN 17/18 FEMALE (C57BL/6XAKR)F1
HYBRID MICE. LIVER TUMORS OCCURRED IN 8/166 AND 6/172 CONTROLS.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 36(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN RATS ADMIN 10, 50 OR 100 PPM ... IN DIET FOR 104 WK, THYROID
ADENOMAS DEVELOPED IN 1/10, 2/15 (1 "ADENOCARCINOMATOUS") & 17/26
(4 "ADENOCARCINOMATOUS") RATS TREATED @ THREE DOSE LEVELS.
EXCEPT FOR A CYSTIC FOLLICLE, NO TUMORS ... IN 5 CONTROLS EXAM ... .
IN RATS ADMIN DIETS CONTAINING 0, 10, 50 OR 100 PPM ... FOR 104 WK,
THOSE RECEIVING 100 PPM LEVEL SHOWED HIGH INCIDENCE OF THYROID
ADENOMAS (15/27 ... EXAM). INCIDENCE WAS LOWER ... IN GROUPS GIVEN
10-50 PPM AT. MAMMARY & OTHER TUMORS WERE DISTRIBUTED IN
RANDOM FASHION ... (CONTROL DATA WERE NOT REPORTED).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 36(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
TWENTY-FOUR HR SKIN CONTACT ON CLIPPED ABDOMENS OF MALE
ALBINO RABBITS @ UP TO 10,000 MG/KG CAUSED NO DEATH NOR
SYMPTOMS OF SYSTEMIC ACTIVITY.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1989. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1989.,p. C20]**PEER REVIEWED**
NO SKIN TUMORS ... IN 2 GROUPS OF 50 MALE & 50 FEMALE 2-4-MO OLD
C3H/ANF MICE FOLLOWING WEEKLY SKIN APPLICATIONS OF EITHER 0.1 OR
10 MG AT (ANALYTICAL GRADE) IN 0.2 ML ACETONE:METHANOL MIXT
(65:35) FOR LIFE. MEDIAN SURVIVAL TIMES IN TREATED GROUPS RANGED
FROM 44-57 WK ... .
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 38(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
/INVESTIGATORS/ ... ADMIN 125 MG/RAT AT SC TWICE WEEKLY FOR
APPROX 11 MO & FOUND 5 LIVER TUMORS & 5 THYROID TUMORS IN 7 RATS
SURVIVING @ APPEARANCE OF FIRST TUMOR. (NO INFORMATION
REGARDING CONTROLS ... REPORTED).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 38(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
DOSED WELL IN EXCESS OF /25 G/KG/ RATS DIED & DISCLOSED SEVERE
HEMORRHAGES OF STOMACH & INTESTINES IN ALL CASES. /ORAL ADMIN/
[Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke and M.L. Clarke.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967. 223]**PEER REVIEWED**
NO HEPATOMAS WERE SEEN BY GROSS EXAM IN 48 & 57 LIVERS OF
RAINBOW TROUT FED 1200 & 4800 PPM ... IN DIET, RESPECTIVELY, FOR 15
MO. IN A SECOND SERIES OF EXPT EMPLOYING SAME 2 DOSE LEVELS ...
LOW INCIDENCE OF TUMORS (6-21%) COULD BE DETECTED IN TREATED
FISH @ 12, 16 & 20 MO. ... HEPATOMA INCIDENCE IN CONTROLS DID NOT
EXCEED 1%.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 37(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ACUTE SYMPTOMS: ATAXIA, WEAKNESS, SLIGHT WING DROP, DURING
FIRST 3 DAYS AFTER SINGLE ORAL ADMIN ONLY IN /MALLARD DUCKS/.
[U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries &
Wildlife. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Government Printing Office, 1970.19]**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITROLE BLOCKS HISTIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN BACTERIA, YEAST,
ALGAE, & HIGHER PLANTS BY INHIBITING ENZYME IMIDAZOLEGLYCEROL
PHOSPHATE DEHYDRASE & IMIDAZOLEGLYCEROL (IG) ACCUMULATES IN
MICROBIAL GROWTH MEDIUM. INHIBITION OF HISTIDINE SYNTH APPEARS
TO BE MAJOR GROWTH-CONTROLLING ACTION IN MICROORGANISMS ... .
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 385]**PEER
REVIEWED**
AMITROLE DID NOT INCR MUTATION FREQUENCIES IN DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER. IT WAS SELECTED FOR TESTING BECAUSE OF ITS WIDE
USE IN FINLAND & ITS CARCINOGENIC POTENTIALS.
[SORSA M, GRIPENBERG U; MUTAT RES 38 (2): 132 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
0-4 HR OLD COPEPOD CYCLONS YERNALIS WERE EXPOSED TO AMITROLE,
AMITROLE-T, & FREE ACID & ALKANOLAMINE SALT OF 2,4-D.
CALCULATED LETHAL DOSES ARE DISCUSSED.
[BUNTING DL, ROBERTSON EB JR; LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF
HERBICIDES ON ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES; NTIS PB-241,337, 35 PAGES
(1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
... INJECTED 20 TO 40 MG OF ... /3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE/ INTO CHICK YOLK
SACS AT 0 TO 96 HR OF INCUBATION. ABNORMALITIES OF THE BEAK AND
OCCASIONALLY BENT TIBIAS WERE PRODUCED.
[Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1986. 37]**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINOTRIAZOLE HAS A LETHAL DOSE OF 4 G/KG IN SHEEP. IT GIVES RISE
TO STIMULATION OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUT AND BRONCHI,
AND CAUSES EDEMA OF THE LUNGS AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGES OF THE
STOMACH AND INTESTINES.
[Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed.
London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 136]**PEER REVIEWED**
228 PESTICIDES INCL AMITROLE WERE TESTED FOR MUTAGENICITY IN
BACTERIAL REVERSION-ASSAY SYSTEMS WITH 5 STRAINS (TA100, TA98,
TA1535, TA1537 AND TA1538) OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND A
STRAIN (WP2 HCR) OF ESCHERICHIA COLI @ DOSES UP TO 5000 UG/PLATE.
AMITROLE WAS NEGATIVE FOR MUTAGENICITY.
[MORIYA M ET AL; MUTAT RES 116 (3-4): 185-216 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE WAS AN INHIBITOR OF FATTY ACID SYNTH BY
ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES. HALF-MAXIMAL INHIBITION OF FATTY
ACID SYNTH OCCURS AT APPROX 20 MMOL. AS COMPARED TO FATTY
ACID SYNTH, CHOLESTEROL SYNTH BY THE HEPATOCYTES IS MORE
DRASTICALLY DEPRESSED BY INCUBATION OF THE CELLS WITH 3-AMINO1,2,4-TRIAZOLE. HALF-MAXIMAL INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROGENESIS
OCCURS AT APPROX 5 MMOL 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE.
[BEYNEN AC ET AL; TOXICOL 22 (2): 171-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE PROMOTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID
TUMORS IN RATS TREATED WITH A SUBEFFECTIVE DOSE OF N-BIS(2HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE FOR THYROID TUMORIGENESIS. THE
INCIDENCES OF THYROID TUMORS @ THE END OF THE 20 WK EXPT WERE
91% IN RATS INJECTED SC ONCE A WK FOR 4 WK WITH 70 MG N-BIS(2HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE PER 100 G BODY WT AND THEN GIVEN A
DIET CONTAINING 2000 PPM AT FOR 12 WK, 100% IN RATS INJECTED SC
ONCE A WK FOR 8 WK WITH 70 MG N-BIS(2HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE PER 100 G BODY WT AND THEN GIVEN
DIET CONTAINING 2000 PPM 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE FOR 12 WK, AND 58%
IN RATS INJECTED SC ONCE A WK FOR 8 WK WITH 70 MG N-BIS(2HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE PER 100 G BODY WT. RATS ONLY
INJECTED SC ONCE A WK FOR 4 WK WITH N-BIS(2HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE OR ONLY GIVEN DIET CONTAINING 3AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE FOR 12 WK HAD NO THYROID TUMORS AT THE END
OF THE EXPT.
[HIASA Y ET AL; CARCINOGENESIS 3 (4): 381-4 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITROLE WAS EVALUATED FOR CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL IN
LIFESPAN STUDIES ON WISTAR RATS, NMRI MICE AND GOLDEN
HAMSTERS. IT WAS ADMIN @ DIETARY CONCN OF 0, 1, 10 AND 100 UG/G
(PPM) STARTING AT 6 WK OF AGE. EACH TREATED AND CONTROL GROUP
CONSISTED OF 75 MALE & 75 FEMALE RATS & MICE AND OF 76 MALE AND
76 FEMALE GOLDEN HAMSTERS. SOMEWHAT LOWER BODY WT, SLIGHTLY
REDUCED SURVIVAL TIMES, AND TRANSIENT EFFECTS ON THYROID
FUNCTION WERE OBSERVED IN GOLDEN HAMSTERS @ 100 PPM. IN MICE, A
SLIGHT INCR IN PITUITARY GLAND HYPEREMIAS WAS SEEN @ 100 PPM;
ALSO AN EFFECT ON THYROID FUNCTION USUALLY OCCURRED AT THE
SAME CONCN. IN RATS, A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF CYSTIC DILATIONS OF
FOLLICLES IN THE THYROID AT 100 PPM & A DOSE-RELATED INCR IN
HEMORRHAGES AND HYPEREMIAS IN THE PITUITARY GLAND WERE
INDICATIVE OF AN EFFECT OF AMITROLE ON THESE ORGANS. THE
STRONGEST EFFECT OF AMITROLE ON THYROID FUNCTION, COMPARED
TO GOLDEN HAMSTERS & MICE, WAS SEEN IN RATS AT 100 PPM. AT THIS
CONCN A HIGHLY INCR NUMBER OF THYROID AND PITUITARY GLAND
TUMORS WAS OBSERVED IN RATS. IN GOLDEN HAMSTERS & MICE, NO
TUMOR INDUCTION WAS SEEN.
[STEINHOFF D ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 69 (2): 161-9
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
2-Amino-1,3,4-triazole (AT), administered continuously in the drinking water (1,500
ppm) of 10 castrated male WF rats from age 87 to 92 days old for 12 months, enlarged
the thyroid gland 7 times greater than in the 5 untreated castrated control rats. These
goiters were classified as follicular cell hyperplasia and follicular tumors when autopsied
and examined microscopically. No hepatic or pituitary tumors were noted in rats treated
with 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole alone. In separate studies, the incidence, size, and total
number of hepatic tumors were significantly reduced when 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole was
administered as an antitumorigenic agent to rats treated with a combination of
diethylstilbestrol 5.0 mg subcutaneously every 2 months and N-nitrosobutylurea 250 ppm
in the drinking water for 30 days. The incidence of hepatic tumors was reduced from
15/17 in diethylstilbestrol plus N-nitrosobutylurea treated rats to 3/14 in diethylstilbestrol
plus N-nitrosobutylureaplus 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole treated rats (P< 0.005). However, a
significant synergism wa exhibited between 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole and Nnitrosobutylurea treatments (when given with diethylstilbestrol) (P< 0.01), as seen by an
increase in the mean relative thyroid weight of 44 times greater than in rats given only
diethylstilbestrol or 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole alone. These data indicate that 2-amino-1,3,4triazole alone is goiterogenic, but this effect is greater in combination with Nnitrosobutylurea. In contrast, 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole inhibits hepatic tumors in all
combinations tested with diethylstilbestrol and/or N-nitrosobutylurea.
[Sumi C et al; JNCI 74: 1329-34 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole was evaluated for its mutagenic potential in the L5178Y
TK+/TK- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay using established procedures.
Three experiments were conducted in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation
system and two without. The dose levels tested in these experiments ranged from 0-5000
ug/ml. No significant mutagenic responses were obtained at any dose level in any of the
five experiments. No toxicity was noted at the highest dose level tested (5000 ug/ml).
Thus, 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole was negative in these studies and the highest ineffective
dose tested was 5000 ug/ml.
[McGregor DB et al; Environ Mutagen 9:143-160 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Aminotriazole ... has been found to produce cataracts in young rabbits & to reduce the
catalase activity of the lens ... .
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Publisher, 1986. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE EFFECTS OF SEVERAL POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF NNITROSODIMETHYLAMINE (NDMA) METABOLISM WERE STUDIED IN
ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVERS. AMITROLE INHIBITED HEPATIC NDMA
METABOLISM.
[TOMERA JF ET AL; CARCINOGENESIS (LONDON) 5 (1): 113-6 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF IN VIVO FORMATION OF N-NITROSO CMPD IN
MOUSE STOMACH FROM EQUIMOLAR DOSES OF SODIUM NITRITE &
SECONDARY AMINES OR ALKYLUREA DERIV GIVEN SIMULTANEOUSLY BY
STOMACH TUBE WAS EST USING TEST ORGANISM SALMONELLA
TYPHIMURIUM TA1950 IN THE IP HOST-MEDIATED ASSAY. MUTAGENIC
RESPONSE WAS OBSERVED IN BACTERIA AFTER ADMIN OF AMITROLE.
[BRAUN R ET AL; CANCER RES 37 (12): 4572 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM GOITROGEN ADMIN
ON THE MAST CELL POPULATION OF THE RAT THYROID. ANIMALS WERE
TREATED WITH THE GOITROGEN AMINOTRIAZOLE AT A DOSE
SUFFICIENT TO BLOCK THYROID HORMONE SYNTH COMPLETELY, AND
COMPARED AFTER 80 DAYS WITH A CONTROL GROUP. GOITROGEN
TREATMENT LED TO A 9-FOLD INCR IN SERUM TSH AND AN 8-FOLD INCR
IN THYROID WT. MAST CELL NUMBER PER UNIT VOL OF THYROID DECR,
BUT TOTAL NUMBERS PER GLAND INCR 4 TO 5 FOLD. THERE WAS A
SIGNIFICANT FALL IN MEAN MAST CELL SIZE.
[WYNFORD-THOMAS D, STRINGER BM; ACTA ENDOCRINOL (COPENH) 101
(3): 365-70 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NINETY DAYS OF EXPOSURE TO AMINOTRIAZOLE (500 PPM/DAY) LEADS
TO CHANGES OF THE TIME STRUCTURE IN THE RAT ADRENAL AND
THYROID. THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN ADRENAL DNA CONTENT IS NOT
DEMONSTRABLE IN THE TREATED ANIMALS AS A GROUP PHENOMENON.
THERE IS A PHASE ADVANCE OF OVER FIVE HR (+76 DEG) IN THE
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN ADRENAL RNA AND A PHASE DELAY OF ABOUT
NINE HR (-136 DEG) IN THE RHYTHM IN ADRENAL PROTEIN. THERE IS AN
INCR OF THE MESORS (RHYTHM ADJUSTED MEAN) & A DECR IN THE
AMPLITUDES OF THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN THYROID DNA AND RNA
CONTENT WITHOUT DETECTABLE PHASE ALTERATION AND A DECR IN
THYROID PROTEIN MESOR WITH A SLIGHT BUT STATISTICALLY
SIGNIFICANT PHASE DELAY (-25 DEG).
[NICOLAU GY; ENDOCRINOLOGIE 21 (2): 105-12 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED AMINOTRIAZOLE IN THEIR
DIET, 0.5 G/KG FOOD FOR 4 WK. CONTROL RATS RECEIVED A NORMAL
DIET. ADDNL GROUPS RECEIVING ATZ IN THE DIET WERE GIVEN DAILY
INJECTIONS OF L-THYROXINE FOR DETERMINATION OF WHETHER
AMINOTRIAZOLE-INDUCED CHANGES COULD BE PREVENTED BY
THYROID HORMONE. FOLLOWING AMINOTRIAZOLE TREATMENT THERE
WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECR IN SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND IN
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. KIDNEY WT WERE DECR, MAINLY
BECAUSE OF A REDN OF CORTICAL TISSUE. MORPHOMETRY SHOWED NO
CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE VOL OF THE VARIOUS COMPARTMENTS OF
THE KIDNEY, INDICATING THAT THE DECR IN WT INVOLVED ALL
SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON. DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF TUBULAR DIAM
REVEALED A DECR IN THE PERITUBULAR DIAM IN BOTH PROXIMAL
TUBULES AND THE THICK ASCENDING LIMB AND A DECR CELL HEIGHT IN
THE THICK ASCENDING LIMB. ALL THE AMINOTRIAZOLE-INDUCED
CHANGES COULD BE PREVENTED BY SIMULTANEOUS TREATMENT WITH
L-THYROXINE, SUGGESTING THAT THE CHANGES WERE CAUSED BY THE
ANTITHYROID EFFECT OF AMINOTRIAZOLE AND WERE NOT A
NONSPECIFIC TOXIC EFFECT.
[DAVIS RG ET AL; AM J PATHOL 113 (1): 41-9 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AN IN VITRO MODEL WAS EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF
ADMIN OF AMINOTRIAZOLE BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ON THE RATE
OF OUTER-RING DEIODINATION OF THYROXINE TO TRIIODOTHYRONINE
BY 2000 G SUPERNATANTS OF FRESH HEPATIC AND RENAL
HOMOGENATES. ADMIN OF AMINOTRIAZOLE (29 +/- 1 MG/KG BODY
WT/DAY) IN THE DIET FOR 2 WK TO MALE RATS REDUCED HEPATIC AND
RENAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE GENERATION TO 7 AND 15% OF CONTROL,
RESPECTIVELY. THIS WAS ASSOC WITH A SIGNIFICANT DEPRESSION OF
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE CONCN. THE ADDN OF
AMINOTRIAZOLE (1X10-2 OR 1X10-4 MOL) TO THE INCUBATION MEDIUM
IN VITRO DID NOT AFFECT SIGNIFICANTLY THE TRIIODOTHYRONINE
GENERATION BY CONTROL HEPATIC AND RENAL HOMOGENATES.
[SCAMMELL JG, FREGLY MJ; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 60 (1): 45-51
(1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE GOITROGEN AMINOTRIAZOLE (ATA) FOR
80 DAYS TO REACH THE PLATEAU OF THYROID GROWTH. ATA WAS THEN
WITHDRAWN FOR 25 DAYS AND SUBSEQUENTLY RE-INTRODUCED FOR A
FURTHER 35 DAYS. THE INITIAL PERIOD OF ATA TREATMENT LED TO A 5FOLD INCR IN SERUM TSH, A 10-FOLD INCR IN THYROID WT, AND A 9-FOLD
INCR IN FOLLICULAR CELL NUMBER. MITOTIC ACTIVITY STABILIZED AT A
FEW TIMES CONTROL LEVELS. FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF ATA, TSH
AND MITOTIC ACTIVITY FELL TO BELOW NORMAL. THYROID WT FELL BY
66% BUT THERE WAS NO FALL IN FOLLICULAR CELL NUMBER. REINTRODUCTION OF ATA LED TO A RETURN OF ALL VARIABLES TO THEIR
PREVIOUS STIMULATED LEVELS. THUS, THE DESENSITIZATION OF
FOLLICULAR CELLS TO THE GROWTH-STIMULATING ACTION OF TSH
FOLLOWING PROLONGED STIMULATION IS NOT REVERSED BY
WITHDRAWAL OF THE STIMULUS, AND IS THEREFORE UNLIKELY TO BE
MEDIATED BY A DOWN-REGULATION AT RECEPTOR OR POST-RECEPTOR
LEVEL OF THE TYPE OBSERVED FOR FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES IN VITRO.
[WYNFORD-THOMAS D ET AL; ACTA ENDOCRINOL (COPENHAGEN) 101 (4):
562-9 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE DIFFERENTIAL INHIBITION OF CATALASE (EC
1.11.1.6) IN VARIOUS MOUSE TISSUES INDICATED THE EXISTENCE OF
MULTIPLE FORMS OF THE ENZYME, WITH THE MORE ANODIC
ELECTROPHORETIC FORMS BEING MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INHIBITION
THAN SLOWER MIGRATING SPECIES.
[JONES GL, MASTERS CJ; FEBS (FED EUR BIOCHEM SOC) LETT 21 (2): 207-10
(1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ADMIN OF COBALT CHLORIDE AND 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE TO RATS
LEADS TO A SUPPRESSION OF PHENOBARBITONE-MEDIATED INCR IN
TOTAL CYTOCHROME P450 AS WELL AS CYTOCHROME P450B CONTENTS
OF THE LIVER. THIS SUPPRESSION IS DUE TO A DECR IN THE CONTENT OF
THE PROTEIN SPECIES WHICH IS THE RESULT OF A DECR IN ITS RATE OF
SYNTHESIS AS MEASURED IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. COBALT CHLORIDE AS
WELL AS 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE TREATMENTS LEAD TO A DECR IN THE
TRANSLATABILITY OF CYTOCHROME P450B RNA WITHOUT AFFECTING
TOTAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
[RAVISHANKAR H, PADMANABAN G; ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 225 (1): 16-24
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-Aminotriazole is known to reduce catalase levels in ocular tissues when given iv or
orally. Rabbits were given either 4 ml/kg of a 3 M solution of 3-aminotriazole iv or a 2%
solution as drinking fluid. Intravenous 3-aminotriazole administration was followed at 4
hr by an intracameral injection of hydrogen peroxide to give an aqueous humor concn of
3.2 mM in young (4-6 weeks of age) and a 3.3 mM in adult (6 months of age) rabbits.
Tissues were taken for microscopy at either 6 or 24 hr intracameral hydrogen peroxide.
Neither oral nor intravenous 3-aminotriazole alone in adult rabbits, or iv 3aminotriazole in young rabbits, had any effect on either iris, ciliary process, or corneal
endothelial morphology. After oral 3-aminotriazole in adult rabbits, hydrogen peroxide
caused highly edematous ciliary processes with dilated vessels; corneal endothelial cells
were swollen. ... In non 3-aminotriazole-treated young rabbits, hydrogen peroxide
caused only minor morphological changes. In adult animals at 6 and 24 hr after
intracameral hydrogen peroxide the ciliary processes were edematous in the absence of 3aminotriazole; after iv 3-aminotriazole and intracameral hydrogen peroxide the changes
were even more marked, with very severe swelling of ciliary processes and corneal
endothelial damage. ... In adult animals, the effects of hydrogen peroxide are enhanced in
the presence of 3-aminotriazole.
[Birnbaum D et al; Curr Eye Res 6 (12): 1403-14 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The capacity of rat brain homogenates to oxidized ethanol by catalase peroxidative
system, previously reported, was reevaluated in experiments using lower ethanol
concentration, showing that the effect of this system can be observed even with a
concentration of 50 mM, equivalent to nonlethal blood level. The involvement of catalase
was confirmed by its blocking by aminotriazole or methanol but not by pyrazole or
butanol. Evidence for a functional role of ethanol oxidation by brain catalase in the action
of this substance was given by the fact that rats pretreated with aminotriazole (1 g/kg ip)
exhibited a significant shorter /CNS depression/ than untreated controls, strongly
suggesting the mediation of acetaldehyde in this effect. Previous results with doses of 60
mmol/kg ip were confirmed with 70 mmol/kg ip, but not with 90 mmol/kg ip. A
significant prolonging of /CNS depression/ time was observed when aminotriazole was
administered after any of these doses by an unknown mechanism. Furthermore it was
observed that aminotriazole pretreatment reduced significantly the lethal effect of 110
mmole/kg ip ethanol; but when aminotriazole was given after ethanol (90 mmole/kg ip)
it enhanced the lethality. ... /Aminotriazole/
[Tampier L et al; Alcohol 5 (1): 5-8 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Mouse oral 14.7 g/kg
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 25 g/kg
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 110-2500 mg/kg
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat dermal >10,000 mg/kg
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse oral 11,000 mg/kg
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986.25]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse iv 5000 mg/kg
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986.25]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 14.7 g/kg
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-339]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 JAPANESE QUAIL ORAL GREATER THAN 5000 PPM (NO MORTALITY TO
5000 PPM), AGE 12 DAYS.
[U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sports Fisheries
and Wildlife. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Pollutants to Birds. Special
Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 191. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1975.9]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 RING-NECKED PHEASANT GREATER THAN 5000 PPM (NO MORTALITY
TO 5000 PPM), AGE 10 DAYS.
[U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sports Fisheries
and Wildlife. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Pollutants to Birds. Special
Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 191. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1975.9]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 GAMMARUS FASCIATUS (SCUD) GREATER THAN 10 MG/L/96 HR @ 18
DEG C. /STATIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT AERATION/
[U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of
Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.81]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 FATHEAD MINNOW GREATER THAN 100 MG/L/96 HR @ 18 DEG C, WT
1.2 G. /STATIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT AERATION/
[U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of
Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.81]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 CHANNEL CATFISH GREATER THAN 160 MG/L/96 HR @ 18 DEG C, WT
1.8 G. /STATIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT AERATION/
[U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of
Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.81]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 MALLARD DUCK ORAL MORE THAN 2000 MG/KG
[U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries &
Wildlife. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Government Printing Office, 1970.18]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Coturnix 12 day old > 5,000 ppm. No overt signs of toxicity to 5,000 ppm
[Hill, E.F. and Camardese, M.B. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental
Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnix. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 2.
Washington, DC: United States Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service,
1986.26]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Daphnia Magna 30,000 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Cyridopsis vidua 32,000 ug/l/48 hr. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Oncorhyncus kisutch 325,000 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Bluegill 100 ppm/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
AFTER 39-YR-OLD WOMAN INGESTED 20 MG/KG OF AMINOTRIAZOLE,
URINE TAKEN SOME HOURS LATER CONTAINED UNCHANGED
AMINOTRIAZOLE (100 MG/100 ML). NO METABOLITES WERE FOUND.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1978.20]**PEER REVIEWED**
METABOLISM ... IN PLANTS: GLYCINE & SERINE OF PLANTS ARE UTILIZED
IN BIOSYNTHESIS OF BETA-(3-AMINO-S-TRIAZOLYL-1-)ALPHA-ALANINE.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 21]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN ... STUDIES WITH CANADA THISTLE, 3 CMPD ... OBSERVED. ONE WAS
IDENTIFIED AS BETA-(3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLYL-1)-ALPHA-ALANINE).
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1978.20]**PEER REVIEWED**
MAJOR METABOLIC PRODUCT FORMED FROM AMITROLE BY
MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY WAS CARBON DIOXIDE. ... E COLI
CONVERTED 3-ATA INTO METABOLITE, 3-AMINO-1,2,4,-TRIAZOLYL
ALANINE.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1969. 40]**PEER REVIEWED**
WITHIN 24 HR AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE [5-(14)C] TO
RATS, MAIN PART OF RADIOACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN URINE AS
UNCHANGED AMITROLE. 3-AMINO-5-MERCAPTO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE & 3AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLYL-(5)-MERCAPTURIC ACID WERE ISOLATED FROM
URINE.
[GRUNOW W ET AL; ARCH TOXICOL (BERL) 34 (4): 315 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Amitrole is taken up and metabolized at different rates by leaves of 16 examined
regenerants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Both, stimulation and inhibition of the
herbicide uptake as well as the herbicide metabolism are not related to the amitrole
tolerance on whole plant level.
[Schneider I; Biochem Physiol Pflanz 185 (5-6): 423-8 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS /IN PLANTS/: ABSORBED SLOWLY. ...
GOOD TRANSLOCATION.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 21]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN RAT, 5-(14)C-LABELED AT IS RAPIDLY & COMPLETELY ABSORBED FROM
GI TRACT. HIGHEST LEVELS OF RADIOACTIVITY ... FOUND IN LIVER,
KIDNEY & BLOOD 1 HR AFTER ADMIN, & LEVELS DECR AFTER 3-4 HR.
DURING FIRST 24 HR, 70-95% OF RADIOACTIVITY ... EXCRETED IN URINE.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 39(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINOTRIAZOLE WAS APPLIED TO SKIN OF RABBITS. AFTER 15 MIN IT
HAD PENETRATED INTO THE BLOOD (COMPARISON WITH OTHER CMPD
GIVEN). FAT WAS USED AS INCONSEQUENTIAL SITE OF STORAGE.
[SHAH PV, GUTHRIE FE; IN PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND INSECTICIDE
RESISTANCE; WATSON DL, BROWN AWA, EDS, P.547 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
PRIMARY ROUTES OF EXPOSURE ARE SKIN, EYE CONTACT AND
INHALATION OF POWDERS, LIQUIDS, AND SPRAYS.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:
Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982.
2702]**PEER REVIEWED**
ANESTHETIZED ANIMALS WERE ALLOWED TO INHALE THROUGH A
TRACHEAL CANNULA LIQ AEROSOLS OF DRUG SOLN GENERATED WITH
AN AIR-JET NEBULIZER. THE AEROSOLS HAD A MASS MEDIAN
AERODYNAMIC DIAM OF 2.81 UM AND A GEOMETRIC STD DEVIATION OF
2.53. THE TIME NECESSARY FOR 50% ABSORPTION OF AMITROLE WAS 1.3
MIN. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSLY REPORTED ABSORPTION RATES
MEASURED AFTER INTRATRACHEAL INJECTION OF 0.1 ML OF DRUG SOLN
SHOWED THAT DRUG INHALED AS AN AEROSOL WAS ABSORBED
ROUGHLY 2 TIMES MORE RAPIDLY THAN WHEN ADMIN BY
INTRATRACHEAL INJECTION.
[BROWN RA JR, SCHANKER LS; DRUG METAB DISPOS 11 (4): 355-60
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
AMITROLE INHIBITS PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN LIVER & THYROIDS, &
MODE OF ACTION IN PRODUCING THYROID TUMORS APPEARS TO BE
RELATED TO GOITROGENIC EFFECT OF AMITROLE WITH RESULTANT
INCREASED TSH (THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE) ... .
[Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd
ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 559]**PEER REVIEWED**
THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE CMPD 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE IS
A STRONG INHIBITOR OF ERYTHROCYTE GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE
ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE INHIBITS ARACHIDONICINDUCED MALONDIALDEHYDE FORMATION IN PLATELET-RICH PLASMA
AND PROSTACYCLIN-LIKE ACTIVITY GENERATION IN AORTA RINGS.
THESE RESULTS GIVE NEW LINES OF EVIDENCE ON THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY AND PROSTAGLANDIN
SYNTHESIS IN RAT PLATELETS AND ARTERIAL VESSEL WALLS.
[DONI MG, PIVA E; HAEMOSTASIS 13 (4): 240-3 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE CYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF
PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN UNFIXED GUINEA-PIG THYROID TISSUE IS
DESCRIBED. BOTH 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE AND METHIMAZOLE
INHIBITED PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE FOLLICLE CELLS (ENZYME
ACTIVITY WAS STILL SEEN IN THE ERYTHROCYTES), MAXIMAL
INHIBITION OCCURRING AT 10 MMOL.
[EALEY PA ET AL; HISTOCHEM J 16 (2): 111-22 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interference with histidine metabolism, inhibition of pigment biosynthesis, or both have
been the principal candidates for the primary site of action of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole
(amitrole). Arabidopsis thaliana is sensitive to 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine, a feedback
inhibitor of histidine biosynthesis, and this effect is reversed by histidine. The
combination of triazolealanine and histidine, however, does not reverse the herbicical
effect of amitrole. This indicates that amitrole toxicity is not caused by histidine
starvation, nor is it caused by the accumulation of a toxic intermediate of the histidine
pathway. Amitrole inhibits root elongation at lower concentrations than it causes
pigment bleaching in the leaves. In contrast, fluridone, a known inhibitor of the
carotenoid biosynthetic pathway does not block root elongation. Fluridone also inhibits
carotenoid accumulation in etiolated seedlings in the dark, but amitrole does not. Last,
gabaculine and acifluorfen, but not amitrole, prevent chlorophyll accumulation in
greeting etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis. ...
[Heim DR, Larrinua IM; Plant Physiol 91 (3): 1226-31 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Foliar and soil application in concentrations below the recommended rate of the herbicide
3-amino-1,2,4-triazole to the host plant Phaseolus vulgaris results in structural alteration
of the protein-synthesizing apparatus of midgut and salivary gland cells of the
phytophagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) independent of its
mode of application. With prolonged incubation times cytological defects become more
intense, and spread to more cells and tissues. Resultant effects on yolk and egg formation
were expressed as an inhibition of egg deposition that led to a decrease in the
reproduction rat of Tetranychus urticae. ...
[Mothes-Wagner U et al; Exp Appl Acarol 8 (1-2): 27-40 (1990)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Interactions:
... EFFECTS ON RAT OF 2 INHIBITORS ... ON OXIDN OF METHANOL &
ETHANOL TO CARBON DIOXIDE, & ON ACTIVITIES IN VITRO OF RAT-LIVER
ALC DEHYDROGENASE & CATALASE. ... 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE
CONSIDERABLY DECR ... CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION FROM
METHANOL ... & MARGINALLY ... FROM ETHANOL. ... THERE WAS ADDITIVE
EFFECT ... WHEN /USED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH/ PYRAZOLE ... .
[The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals Volume 3. London:
The Chemical Society, 1975. 624]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE ADMIN (AT) AT 3 AND 6 HR LED TO THE
FORMATION OF ROUND SMALL VESICLES FROM THE ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, DETACHMENT OF RIBOSOMES, APPEARANCE
OF EXTENSIVE AREAS OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
APPEARANCE OF ELONGATED AND DISTORTED MITOCHONDRIA WITH AN
INCR IN THE NUMBER OF PEROXISOMES. THE ADMIN OF CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE TO AT-PRETREATED ANIMALS LED TO A MUTUAL
CANCELLATION OF THE EFFECTS ON THE RETICULUM, & FORMATION OF
MYELIN FIGURES WAS PREVENTED.
[BERNACCHI AS ET AL; BR J EXP PATHOL 63 (1): 35-42 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
THE PLACENTAL TRANSPORT OF MERCURY IN PREGNANT MICE AND ITS
LOCALIZATION IN THE EMBRYO AND FETUS FROM EARLY
ORGANOGENESIS THROUGH THE WHOLE FETAL PERIOD WAS STUDIED BY
WHOLE-BODY AUTORADIOGRAPHY AND GAMMA COUNTING.
PREADMISSION TO THE DAMS OF AMINOTRIAZOLE RESULTED IN HIGHER
FETAL CONCN (ESP IN THE LIVER) OF MERCURY AFTER INHALATION OF
MERCURIC OXIDE BUT NOT AFTER INJECTION OF (2+)MERCURY ION.
[KHAYAT A, DENCKER L; INT J BIOL RES PREGNANCY 3 (1): 38-46
(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
INHALATION OF RADIOACTIVE METALLIC MERCURY VAPOR IN THE
MOUSE RESULTED IN AN ACCUM OF MERCURY IN SEVERAL ORGANS
WHERE NO SPECIFIC UPTAKE WAS OBSERVED AFTER IV INJECTION OF
INORGANIC MERCURY. ETHANOL AND AMINOTRIAZOLE (CATALASE
INHIBITORS) DECR THE CONCN IN SEVERAL OF THESE ORGANS,
ALTHOUGH NOT IN AN EXACTLY SIMILAR PATTERN. IN THE LIVERS OF
NON-TREATED ANIMALS MOST OF THE INHALED MERCURY ACCUM IN THE
HEPATOCYTES IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE LOBULI (PERIPORTAL REGION),
CLOSE TO WHERE THE BLOOD VESSELS ENTER THE LIVER PARENCHYMA.
TREATMENT WITH AMINOTRIAZOLE INCR THE LIVER MERCURY
CONTENT, WITH MORE OR LESS ALL THE HEPATOCYTES APPARENTLY
ENGAGED IN THE OXIDN OF MERCURIC OXIDE.
[KHAYAT A, DENCKER L; J APPL TOXICOL 3 (2): 66-74 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CLOFIBRATE-TREATED MICE SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DECR IN PLASMA
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND A PARALLEL ELEVATION OF LIVER CATALASE.
REPEATED ADMIN OF AMINOTRIAZOLE TO CLOFIBRATE-TREATED MICE
EFFECTIVELY ABOLISHED THE ELEVATED CATALASE ACTIVITY, BUT HAD
NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE REDUCED PLASMA TRIACYLGLYCEROL
LEVELS. REPEATED ADMIN OF AMINOTRIAZOLE TO CONTROL MICE
RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED CARCASS FAT AND PLASMA
TRIACYLGLYCEROL LEVELS EVEN THOUGH THE LIVER CATALASE
ACTIVITY WAS GREATLY DEPRESSED.
[JONES GL, NEILL AR; BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA 712 (2): 420-6 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
... EFFECTS ON RAT OF 2 INHIBITORS ... ON OXIDN OF METHANOL &
ETHANOL TO CARBON DIOXIDE, & ON ACTIVITIES IN VITRO OF RAT-LIVER
ALC DEHYDROGENASE & CATALASE. ... 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE
CONSIDERABLY DECR ... CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION FROM
METHANOL ... & MARGINALLY ... FROM ETHANOL. ... THERE WAS ADDITIVE
EFFECT ... WHEN /USED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH/ PYRAZOLE ... .
[The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals Volume 3. London:
The Chemical Society, 1975. 624]**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE ADMIN (AT) AT 3 AND 6 HR LED TO THE
FORMATION OF ROUND SMALL VESICLES FROM THE ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, DETACHMENT OF RIBOSOMES, APPEARANCE
OF EXTENSIVE AREAS OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
APPEARANCE OF ELONGATED AND DISTORTED MITOCHONDRIA WITH AN
INCR IN THE NUMBER OF PEROXISOMES. THE ADMIN OF CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE TO AT-PRETREATED ANIMALS LED TO A MUTUAL
CANCELLATION OF THE EFFECTS ON THE RETICULUM, & FORMATION OF
MYELIN FIGURES WAS PREVENTED.
[BERNACCHI AS ET AL; BR J EXP PATHOL 63 (1): 35-42 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
THE PLACENTAL TRANSPORT OF MERCURY IN PREGNANT MICE AND ITS
LOCALIZATION IN THE EMBRYO AND FETUS FROM EARLY
ORGANOGENESIS THROUGH THE WHOLE FETAL PERIOD WAS STUDIED BY
WHOLE-BODY AUTORADIOGRAPHY AND GAMMA COUNTING.
PREADMISSION TO THE DAMS OF AMINOTRIAZOLE RESULTED IN HIGHER
FETAL CONCN (ESP IN THE LIVER) OF MERCURY AFTER INHALATION OF
MERCURIC OXIDE BUT NOT AFTER INJECTION OF (2+)MERCURY ION.
[KHAYAT A, DENCKER L; INT J BIOL RES PREGNANCY 3 (1): 38-46
(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
INHALATION OF RADIOACTIVE METALLIC MERCURY VAPOR IN THE
MOUSE RESULTED IN AN ACCUM OF MERCURY IN SEVERAL ORGANS
WHERE NO SPECIFIC UPTAKE WAS OBSERVED AFTER IV INJECTION OF
INORGANIC MERCURY. ETHANOL AND AMINOTRIAZOLE (CATALASE
INHIBITORS) DECR THE CONCN IN SEVERAL OF THESE ORGANS,
ALTHOUGH NOT IN AN EXACTLY SIMILAR PATTERN. IN THE LIVERS OF
NON-TREATED ANIMALS MOST OF THE INHALED MERCURY ACCUM IN THE
HEPATOCYTES IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE LOBULI (PERIPORTAL REGION),
CLOSE TO WHERE THE BLOOD VESSELS ENTER THE LIVER PARENCHYMA.
TREATMENT WITH AMINOTRIAZOLE INCR THE LIVER MERCURY
CONTENT, WITH MORE OR LESS ALL THE HEPATOCYTES APPARENTLY
ENGAGED IN THE OXIDN OF MERCURIC OXIDE.
[KHAYAT A, DENCKER L; J APPL TOXICOL 3 (2): 66-74 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CLOFIBRATE-TREATED MICE SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DECR IN PLASMA
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND A PARALLEL ELEVATION OF LIVER CATALASE.
REPEATED ADMIN OF AMINOTRIAZOLE TO CLOFIBRATE-TREATED MICE
EFFECTIVELY ABOLISHED THE ELEVATED CATALASE ACTIVITY, BUT HAD
NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE REDUCED PLASMA TRIACYLGLYCEROL
LEVELS. REPEATED ADMIN OF AMINOTRIAZOLE TO CONTROL MICE
RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED CARCASS FAT AND PLASMA
TRIACYLGLYCEROL LEVELS EVEN THOUGH THE LIVER CATALASE
ACTIVITY WAS GREATLY DEPRESSED.
[JONES GL, NEILL AR; BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA 712 (2): 420-6 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Amitrole is released into the environment primarily from its applications as a herbicide
in weed control. If released to soil, amitrole will degrade microbially and possibly
chemically with a resultant average persistence of 2 to 4 weeks at recommended
herbicidal concentrations. The degree of leaching in soil (which may be extensive
according to estimation methods) may depend upon the chemical and organic content of
an individual soil. Loss of amitrole from soil by volatilization or photodegradation is
minor. If released to the aquatic environment, amitrole is not expected to hydrolyze,
directly photolyze, volatilize or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms significantly.
Amitrole degradation in natural waters may be possible by oxidation with
photochemically produced peroxy radicals or by photosensitized photolysis;
biodegradation has not been shown to be a rapid removal process in water. Adsorption of
amitrole to hydrosoil may be an important transport mechanism. An initial maximum
half-life of 68 days was observed for amitrole applied to an outdoor pond with
persistence exceeding 200 days. If released to the atmosphere, vapor-phase amitrole will
react rapidly with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 3.8
days at 25 deg C), but will not react with ozone or directly photolyze. Human exposure
may result from herbicidal applications of amitrole and in the past from consumption of
contaminated cranberries. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
A primary exposure route of amitrole to the general population may occur through oral
consumption of contaminated food although food monitoring data is limited. Some
exposure may result from oral consumption of contaminated drinking water or inhalation
of contaminated air near areas of high usage, such as herbicidal spraying. Occupational
exposure by dermal and inhalation routes related to the use of amitrole as a herbicide
may be significant. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
The National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) estimates that 82 workers are
exposed to amitrole(1).
[(1) NIOSH; Current Awareness File (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Natural Pollution Sources:
Amitrole does not occur in nature(1).
[(1) IARC; Some Anti-thyroid and Related Substances, Nitrofurans and Industrial
Chemicals 7: 31 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Amitrole may be released into the environment primarily from its applications as a
herbicide(SRC). As a herbicide, amitrole has uses in weed control in both croplands and
non-croplands(1).
[(1) IARC; Some Anti-thyroid and Related Substances, Nitrofurans and Industrial
Chemicals 7: 31 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
Amitrole released to soil is reported to have a resultant average persistence at
recommended herbicidal concentrations of approximately 2 to 4 weeks(1). The half-life
of amitrole in a loam soil was measured to be 1.0 to 1.5 months under laboratory
conditions(2). Biodegradation is a significant removal process with microbial breakdown
of amitrole in warm, moist soil requiring about 2 to 3 weeks(1). Chemical degradation of
amitrole in soil, due to reaction with free radicals or metals, may also be significant(3,4).
Loss of amitrole from soil by volatilization or photodecomposition is minor(1). Thinand thick-layer chromatography, molecular topology, water solubility and octanol-water
partition coefficient all predict that amitrole will be easily leached in soil; however,
experimental studies have shown amitrole to become tightly adsorbed to soil particles.
The leachability of amitrole in soil may therefore depend upon the chemical composition
and organic composition of the individual soil(SRC).
[(1) Weed Science Society of America; Herbicide Handbook, 5th ed Champaign, IL
(1983) (2) Burshcel P, Freed VH; Weeds 7: 157 (1959) (3) Kaufman DD et al; Weed Sci
16: 266 (1968) (4) Plimmer JR et al; J Agric Food Chem 15: 996 (1967)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Amitrole released to the aquatic environment is not expected to
hydrolyze, directly photolyze, volatilize or significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms. The photosensitized photolysis of amitrole via riboflavin has been
experimentally demonstrated suggesting potential importance of photosensitized
degradation in natural waters via humic or fulvic sensitizers(SRC). Amitrole degradation
due to oxidation by photochemically produced peroxy radicals in brightly sunlit natural
waters may be significant. While significant microbial degradation of amitrole in soil has
been demonstrated, significant biodegradation in water has not been indicated. A single
river die-away test has shown amitrole to be biodegraded slowly. A persistence study of
amitrole in an outdoor pond has shown adsorption to the hydrosoil to be an important
process; the initial half-life of applied amitrole was a maximum of 68 days with a
maximum of 20% of the applied amitrole remaining after 201 days(1).
[(1) Grzenda AR et al; J Amer Water Works Assoc 58: 326 (1966)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The half-life of the vapor-phase reaction of amitrole with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 3.8 days at 25 deg
C. Amitrole in the atmosphere is not expected to react with ozone or be susceptible to
direct photolysis. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
...DISAPPEARANCE OF [5-(14)C]-AMITROLE FROM CORN PLANTS IN
APPROX 6 WK WITH HALF-LIFE OF ABOUT 8 DAYS. DISAPPEARANCE WAS
ALSO OBSERVED FROM SOYBEAN BUT @ MUCH SLOWER RATE.../&/ IN
COTTON 4 DAYS AFTER TREATMENT.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 379]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
WHATEVER THE MECHANISM WHEREBY TRIAZOLE RING IS OPENED,
THERE APPEARS TO BE LITTLE DOUBT THAT RING OPENING DOES OCCUR
RAPIDLY IN SOILS & RESULTING PRODUCTS (UREA, CYANAMID, &
NITROGEN) SHOULD BE READILY METABOLIZED BY SOIL
MICROORGANISMS.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 384]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The microbial breakdown of amitrole in warm, moist soil has been reported to be 2 to 3
weeks(1). Amitrole was found to be readily attacked microbiologically in Honeoye silt
loam soil as measured by carbon dioxide evolution (radio-labelled) and comparison to
autoclave soil samples(2). In a river die-away test, carbon dioxide evolution was 10
percent greater in river water containing 20 ppm amitrole as compared to control for the
first week of incubation; however, the difference decreased and became negligible after
60 days(3). Nitrifying organisms in activated sludge were found to be relatively intolerant
to amitrole levels above a few ppm with the effect appearing bacteriostatic(3).
Carbonaceous oxidation in activated sludge showed inhibition at amitrole levels above
10 ppm(3). Amitrole showed no evidence of degradation or inhibitory effects in
anaerobic digestion tests(3). In amitrole degradation studies using Hagerstown silty clay
loam soil, 50% of applied amitrole (radio-labelled) was evolved as carbon dioxide after 3
days of incubation and 70% was evolved as carbon dioxide after 20 days while no carbon
dioxide was evolved in autoclaved soil(4).
[(1) Weed Science Society of America; Herbicide Handbook 5th ed Champaign, IL
(1983) (2) MacRae IC, Alexander M; J Agric Food Chem 13: 72 (1965) (3) Ludzak FJ,
Mandia JW; Purdue Univ Eng Bull Ext Ser 109: 540 (1962) (4) Kaufman DD et al; Weed
Sci 16: 266 (1968)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
LOSS FROM PHOTODECOMPOSITION & /IS/ MINOR.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 19]**PEER REVIEWED**
A bottle containing 25 ppm amitrole in distilled water at room temperature was
examined for amitrole degradation over a six month period with negligible degradation
observed(1) indicating that hydrolysis is not important(SRC). The rate constant for the
aqueous reaction between amitrole and photooxidatively generated peroxy radicals has
been theoretically estimated to be 2X10+6/M-hr(2); assuming the peroxy radical
concentration in brightly sunlit waters is 1X10-9 M, a half-life of about 350 hours (14.5
days) in bright sunlight is calculated(SRC). The UV spectra of amitrole shows little to no
absorption above 295 nm(3) suggesting that direct photolysis will not occur in the
environment(SRC). An aqueous solution of amitrole has been shown to be
photosensitized by riboflavin as irradiation of an amitrole solution containing riboflavin
with a sunlamp of 310 nm peak emission (280 nm cutoff) resulted in significant
photodegradation(4). Amitrole reacts rapidly with Fenton's reagent (source of hydroxyl
radicals) and may therefore react significantly with the free radical population of soil
organic matter(4). The vapor-phase atmospheric reaction between amitrole and hydroxyl
radicals has a theoretically calculated half-life of 3.8 days at 25 deg C(5). Amitrole is not
expected to react in the vapor-phase in the atmosphere with ozone(5).
[(1) Ludzak FJ, Mandia JW; Purdue Univ Eng Bull Ext Ser 109: 540 (1962) (2) Jaber
HM et al; Data aquisition for environmental transport and fate screening for compounds
of interest to the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response pp 156 USEPA-600/6-84011 (1984) (3) Gore RC et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 54: 1040 (1971) (4) Plimmer JR et
al; J Agric Food Chem 15: 996 (1967) (5) GEMS; Graphical Exposure Modeling System.
Fate of atmospheric pollutants (FAP) data base. Office of Toxic Substances. USEPA
(1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
Based on a water solubility of 280,000 ppm at 25 deg C(1), the BCF (bioconcentration
factor) for amitrole is estimated to be about 0.5 from a recommended regression-derived
equation(2,SRC). Based on a computer calculated log Kow value of -0.65(3), the BCF is
estimated to be about 0.2 from a recommended regression-derived equation(2,SRC).
[(1) Jaber HM et al; Data aquisition for environmental transport and fate screening for 6
compounds of interest to the office of emergency and remedial response pp 156 USEPA600/6-84-011 (1984) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation
Methods. Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds. McGraw-Hill NY (1982) (3)
GEMS; Graphical Exposure Modeling System. Fate of atmospheric pollutants (FAP) data
base. Office of Toxic Substances. USEPA (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
In Hagerstown silty loam soil, amitrole was found to be mobile (Rf value of 0.73) as
measured by thin-layer chromatography and very mobile (Rf value greater than 0.90) as
measured by thick-layer chromatography(1,2). Amitrole has been observed in
experimental studies to become tightly adsorbed to soil particles, perhaps through
participation in the soil's base-exchange system or a tendency to complex metals(3).
Estimation of Koc based on molecular topology and quantitative structure-activity
relationship yields a Koc value of about 110, indicating significant soil mobility(4,SRC).
A water solubility of 280,000 ppm(5) and a calculated log Kow of -0.65(6) suggest that
amitrole may be highly mobile in soil(SRC). The concentration of amitrole in the
hydrosoil of a pond to which amitrole had been applied was negligible (less than 0.01
ppm) two weeks after application, however, the concentration in the hydrosoil increased
to 0.20-0.25 ppm 25 to 68 days after application(7) suggesting importance of sediment
adsorption in the aquatic environment(SRC).
[(1) Dragun J, Helling CS; pp 58-70 in Land Disposal: Hazardous Waste, Proc Annu Res
7th USEPA-600/9-81-026 (1981) (2) Helling CS, Dragun J; pp 43-88 in Test Protocols
for Environmental Fate and Movement of Toxicants Proc Symp Assoc Off Anal Chem
94th Annu Mtg (1981) (3) Sund KA; J Agric Food Chem 4: 57 (1956) (4) Sabljic A; J
Agric Food Chem 32: 243 (1984) (5) Jaber HM et al; Data Aquisition for Environmental
Transport and Fate Screening for Compounds of Interest to the Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response USEPA-600/6-84-011 (1984) (6) GEMS; Graphical Exposure
Modeling System. Fate of atmospheric pollutants (FAP) data base. Office of Toxic
Substances. USEPA (1986) (7) Gzenda AR et al; J Amer Water Works Assoc 58: 326
(1966)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
Loss of amitrole from soil surfaces due to volatilization is minor(1). Estimation of
Henry's Law Constant based on a vapor pressure of less than 7.5X10-6 mm Hg at 20
degC(2) and a water solubility of 2.8X10+5 ppm at 25 degC(3) yields a Henry's Law
Constant of less than 3.0X10-12 atm-cu m/mol which indicates that amitrole will not
volatilize from water(4,SRC).
[(1) Weed Science Society of America; Herbicide Handbook, 5th ed Champaing, IL
(1983) (2) The Royal Society of Chemistry; The Agrochemicals Handbook University of
Nottingham England (1983) (3) Jaber HM et al; Data Aquisition for Environmental
Transport and Fate Screening for Compounds of Interest to the Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response USEPA-600/6-84-011 (1984) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of
Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Environmental Behavior of Organic
Compounds. McGraw-Hill NY p 15-16 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
RECOMMENDED MAX PERMISSIBLE CONCN IN RECEIVING STREAMS WAS
191 UG/L FOR AMITROLE FORMULATION AZAPLANT.
[TSCHEU-SCHLUETER M; ACTA HYDROCHIM HYDROBIOL 4 (2): 153
(1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Food Survey Values:
Amitrole residues have been found in marketed cranberries (1958-1959)(1).
[(1) IARC; Some Anti-thyroid and Related Substances, Nitrofurans and Industrial
Chemicals 7: 31 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
This notice ... announces (1) EPA's receipt from ... a registrant of amitrole pesticide
products, to voluntarily cancel four of its registrations, (2) EPA's intention to approve and
give effect to this request and (3) EPA's determination regarding the disposition of
existing stocks of the affected products. EPA's approval will be effective October 25,
1995 ... All future sales or distribution of these products shall be in accordance with the
terms and conditions described herein.
[55 FR 41763 (10/15/90)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response
Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous
substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54
kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C.
metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required
is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[54 FR 33419 (8/14/89)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RCRA Requirements:
U011; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when amitrole, as a commercial chemical
product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial
chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be
managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as
a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from
the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small
quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste
regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
[40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C2-H4-N4
**PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
84.08
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
COLORLESS CRYSTALS FROM ETHANOL, WATER OR ETHYL ACETATE.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 32(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 20]**PEER REVIEWED**
Colorless to white, crystalline powder.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Odor:
ODORLESS
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 20]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odorless when pure.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Taste:
BITTER TASTE
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 32(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
159 DEG C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
MILDLY CORROSIVE TO IRON, ALUMINUM, COPPER, & COPPER ALLOYS.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 21]**PEER REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.138 MG/ML @ 20 DEG C.
[CYANAMID TECH INFORMATION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL GRADE OF
AMITROLE]**PEER REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= -0.65 (calc).
[GEMS; Graphical Exposure Modeling System. Fate of atmospheric pollutants (FAP)
data base. Office of Toxic Substances. USEPA (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
pH:
FORMS NEUTRAL AQ SOLN BUT ACTS AS WEAK BASE WITH KB OF 1X10-10
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 378]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
SOL IN METHANOL, CHLOROFORM
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
INSOL IN ACETONE, DIESEL OIL, ETHER, KEROSENE; SOLUBILITY IN
WATER: 28 G/100 G @ 25 DEG C; SOLUBILITY IN ETHANOL: 26 G/100 G @ 75
DEG C
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 20]**PEER REVIEWED**
SPARINGLY SOL IN ETHYL ACETATE
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 378]**PEER
REVIEWED**
INSOL IN OILS, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1983. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1983.,p.
C-13]**PEER REVIEWED**
SLIGHTLY SOL IN METHYLENE CHLORIDE; INSOL IN HYDROCARBONS;
SLIGHTLY SOL IN ACETONITRILE
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 32(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
SADTLER REF NUMBER: 8667 (IR, PRISM)
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida:
CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-531]**PEER REVIEWED**
NO SPECIFIC ABSORPTION MAX IN VISIBLE & UV REGIONS (200-650 NM)
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 32(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
IR: 21258 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I
and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V2 388]**PEER REVIEWED**
NMR: 9499 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I
and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V2 388]**PEER REVIEWED**
MASS: 119 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I
and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V2 388]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
< 7.5X10-6 mm Hg at 20 deg C.
[The Royal Society of Chemistry; The Agrochemicals Handbook University of
Nottingham England (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
IT WILL DIAZOTIZE & COUPLE WITH SEVERAL DYES.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 378]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SUBLIMES UNDECOMPOSED UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE; IT FORMS
CHELATES WITH METALS SUCH AS IRON & COPPER; PRIMARY AMINO
GROUP REACTS WITH ACYLATING AGENTS TO GIVE MONO & DIACYL
DERIV; YIELDS ALDIMINES OR KETIMINES WITH ALDEHYDES.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 32(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
MP: 150-153 DEG C. /TECHNICAL GRADE/
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**
MP: 153-159 DEG C. /TECHNICAL GRADE/
[CYANAMID TECH INFORMATION SHEET FOR OF AMITROLE]**PEER
REVIEWED**
1 MG/L= 291 PPM; 1 PPM= 3.44 MG/CU M
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:
Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982.
2702]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Hazards Summary:
The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole stem
from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this odorless, colorless-to-white, crystalline
substance may occur from its manufacture, handling, and use as a weed-killer. Effects
from exposure may include dermal irritation, muscle spasms, shortness-of-breath, and
anorexia. Also, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has designated
this substance as a Group 2B carcinogen, meaning, "The agent is possibly carcinogenic to
humans." OSHA has set a Time Weighted Average (TWA) limit of 0.2 mg/cu m as a
final rule to become effective December 31, 1992. In activities and situations where overexposure may occur, wear a protective suit and a carefully fitted respirator. If contact
should occur, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15
minutes, and wash exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water. Smoking, drinking, and
eating should be prohibited in 2-amino-1,3,4-tiazole work areas, and cleanliness
following the handling of this substance should be emphasized. While considered
nonflammable, 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole will emit highly toxic fumes when strongly heated.
2-Amino-1,3,4-triazole should be kept in securely sealed containers, away from light
(which will act to decompose the substance). Choice of container should take into
consideration that 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole is mildly corrosive to iron, aluminum, copper,
and copper alloys.
**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Potential:
AQ, NONFLAMMABLE, AS AMITROL-T; DRY POWDER, NON-FLAMMABLE,
AS AMIZOL.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 20]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Light (decomposes), strong oxidizers [Note: Corrosive to iron, aluminum & copper].
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
WHEN STRONGLY HEATED IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF /NITROGEN
OXIDES/.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 254]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
NIOSH considers amitrole to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be
available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory,
personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting
at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves
& gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide
full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with
particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ...
Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn
outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.8]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that
workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation
involving the wearing of eye protection.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work
area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that
these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the
substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what
constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In
certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the
availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: At concentrations above the
NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: Respirator
Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated
in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that
has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressuredemand or other positive-pressure mode.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring
respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas
mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a highefficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing
apparatus.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or
of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be
prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after
completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ...
hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration
should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the
contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents
should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.8]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should
remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece &
close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be
changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/
workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should
always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection.
Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or
gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of
distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.8]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth &
purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ...
should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be
removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ...
& when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for
decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without
... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air
pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens
will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.8]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety
cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust
air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, &
contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal
laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area
towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used
... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving
date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after
any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.9]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab
also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... . Special consideration should be
given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by
injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation
should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under
hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... Unless
specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of
carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which
the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer &
hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective
clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.9]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin,
animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top.
When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have
been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cagecleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to
avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are
decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the
use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen
& efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.10]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab
could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab
atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods &
airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of
spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ...
should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.10]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has
occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt.
Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures
should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care
should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs,
procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet
mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which
are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops
should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If
gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ...
decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.10]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens
are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to
persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the
Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can
inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.11]**PEER REVIEWED**
The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and
replaced.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into
uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
NO SHELF LIFE LIMITATIONS
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 21]**PEER REVIEWED**
DECOMPOSES IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should
be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass
bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snaptop container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen.
Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post
offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations
governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before
... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.13]**QC REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following
procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed,
watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second,
unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen
(secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled
with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is
sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage
or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The
space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an
appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most
secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when
expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it.
Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ...
/Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.13]**QC REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1983. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1983.,p.
C-14]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to
lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt
need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an
explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that
bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen
& date it was acquired ... . Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage
area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.13]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor
(HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air
ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that
is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating
maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags
immediately after removal ... . The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... . The
sealed bag should be labelled properly ... . Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected
in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly
labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bags, so that outer surface ... is
not contaminated ... . The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken
glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or
in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.15]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant,
EPA hazardous waste number U011, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/89)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600
deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A
potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg
C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
[USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-11 (1981) EPA
68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**
The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for
aminotriazole: Concentraction process: Biological treatment.
[USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E55 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that
has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem
destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste.
... Summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide
only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.14]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method
for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all
incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gasfired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio
is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous
& organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable
combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp
when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.15]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor)
filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed
material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this
treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal
should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID
WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed
of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their
metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.15]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens
can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a
general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be
used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally
considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily
oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of
potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction
of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn
or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.16]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or
acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such
as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various
alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction
medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in
ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been
thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For
example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual
compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the
Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.17]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.2 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 359]**QC
REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.14]**QC REVIEWED**
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed
three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and
under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the
TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.6]**QC REVIEWED**
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.14]**QC REVIEWED**
NIOSH Recommendations:
NIOSH considers amitrole to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the
lowest feasible concn.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.2 mg/cu m.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
NIOSH considers amitrole to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
West Germany: 0.2 mg/cu m
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986.25]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
Nonselective systemic herbicide. Noncropland for annual grasses, broadleaf weeds,
perennial broadleaf weed, poison ivy; some aquatic weeds in marshes, drainage ditches.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1991. Willoughby, OH: Meister, 1991.,p. C-20]**PEER
REVIEWED**
/HERBICIDE/ FOR PERENNIAL BROADLEAF WEEDS & GRASSES IN NONCROPPED AREAS ... SOME AQUATIC WEEDS ... . USED IN MIXT WITH MORE
PERSISTENT HERBICIDES FOR GENERAL WEED CONTROL IN NON-CROPPED
AREAS & AS DIRECTED SPRAY IN ORNAMENTAL NURSERIES.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 18]**PEER REVIEWED**
Herbicide /Former use/
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
REACTION OF AMINOGUANIDINE WITH FORMIC ACID.
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
... FROM AMINOGUANIDINE SULFATE.
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 67]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FROM FORMYLGUANINE NITRATE & SODIUM CARBONATE; HEATING STRIAZINE TO 120 DEG C IN PRESENCE OF AMINOGUANIDINE.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 379]**PEER
REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
FOLIAGE SPRAY ON WEEDS. RATES: 2 TO 10 LB/ACRE. USUAL CARRIER:
WATER--20 TO 200 GAL/ACRE; WATER-SOL. /FORMER USE/
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 19]**PEER REVIEWED**
SUITABLE FOR USE WITH HARD WATER. NOT INTENDED FOR MIXING WITH
OTHER PESTICIDES & FERTILIZERS.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 19]**PEER REVIEWED**
All registered uses of amitrole on food crops were cancelled in 1971 /in USA/.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 378]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
AMIZINE IS TRADE NAME FOR MIXT OF AMITROLE & SIMAZINE ... &
FENAMINE REFERS TO COMBINATION OF AMITROLE, FENAC & ATRAZINE.
...
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 379]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... KLEER-LOT (MIXT OF AMITROLE & LINURON) ... .
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 18]**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINO TRIAZOLE WEEDKILLER 90 IS DRY SOL POWD FORMULATION
CONTAINING 90% ACTIVE INGREDIENT. CYTROL AMITROLE-T LIQ
WEEDKILLER IS WATER SOL FORMULATION CONTAINING 2 LB AMINO
TRIAZOLE PLUS 19% AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE/GAL.
[AMERICAN CYANAMID CO TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON AMINO
TRIAZOLE WEEDKILLER 90]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pure, technical grades
[CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987 p.262]**PEER REVIEWED**
Amizine is a mixture of amitrole & princep; Diurol 5030 is amitrole with diuron;
Fenamine is amitrole with fenac & atrazine; Fenavar liq is amitrole with bromacil &
ammonium thiocyanate; Simazol is a mixture of simazine & amitrole; Ustilan NK,
Ustilan T, Ustinex are amitrole in combination with different herbicides. Farmco
Amizine-AA contains 320 g/1 amitrole, 320 g/1 atrazine; Farmco Amitrol-T is 250 g/1
amitrole, 220 g/1 ammonium thiocyanate. /Mixtures/
[FARM CHEM HDBK 1987 p.C-15]**PEER REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
HERBICIDE FOR INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL USES, 86%, AQUATIC USES, 14%
(1982)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1978) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1978) 5.38X10+8 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1982) 2.11X10+8 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1985) 2.63X10+8 G
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND
GENERAL IMPORTS 1985 p.1-575]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
High performance liquid chromatography/visible spectrophotometric detection, at a
wavelength of 440 nm is used for determination of amitrole in urine. Limit of detection
is 200 ug/l.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V41 298 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Amitrol in urine is separated by paper chromatography using phenol saturated with water
or a mixture of n-butanol: water (15:1) and propionic acid: Water (7:6) and is identified
by spraying with a solution of P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in acetic acid or
hydrochloric acid.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V7 31(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
RESIDUE METHOD SENSITIVE TO 0.1 UG FOR DETERMINATION OF
AMITROLE IN SUGARCANE OR CONCN SAMPLES OF JUICE IS AVAILABLE.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 20]**PEER REVIEWED**
MICRO: EXTRACT SOIL WITH WATER, ADD SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
REAGENT & MEASURE GREEN COLOR @ 634 NM . ... IN CROPS: ...
/SPECTROPHOTOMETRY/ @ 455 NM.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**
DETERMINATION OF AMITROLE IN SOIL SAMPLES BY LIQ & TLC
DISCUSSED. DANSYLATION OF AMITROLE, SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES OF ITS
LIQ CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPN FROM OTHER HERBICIDES & TYPICAL UV &
MASS SPECTRA PRESENTED.
[PRIBYL J ET AL; FRESENIUS Z ANAL CHEM 289 (2): 81 (1978)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
High performance liquid chromatography/ultra violet detection is used for determination
of amitrole in soil and vine leaves. Limit of detection is 0.17 ug/ml.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V41 298 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 455 nm can be used for determination of
amitrole in crops. Limit of detection is 0.025 mg/kg.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V41 293 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Amitrole in pesticide formulations: Titrimetric Method-Final action.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V41 297 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectrophotometric method can be used for determination of amitrole in water, air, and
pesticide formulations.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V1 297 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
AMITROLE; WHO TECH REP SER (574): 3-49 (1975). REVIEW OF AMITROLE
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services/National Toxicology Program; Tenth
Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences. The
Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that
identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure
circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. 2-Amino-1,3,4triazole (61-82-5) was first listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) as
reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
[]
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
3,A-T
**PEER REVIEWED**
X-ALL LIQUID
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMEROL
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINOTRIAZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-S-TRIAZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
2-AMINOTRIAZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINOTRIAZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-AMINO-1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINOTRIAZOLE (PLANT REGULATOR)
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINOTRIAZOL-SPRITZPULVER
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITRIL
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITRIL TL
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITROL
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITROL 90
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMITROLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMIZOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMIZOL D
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMIZOL F
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMIZOL DP NAU
**PEER REVIEWED**
AT
**PEER REVIEWED**
ATA
**PEER REVIEWED**
AZAPLANT
**PEER REVIEWED**
AZAPLANT KOMBI
**PEER REVIEWED**
AZOLAN
**PEER REVIEWED**
AZOLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
CAMPAPRIM A 1544
**PEER REVIEWED**
CYTROL
**PEER REVIEWED**
CYTROLE
**PEER REVIEWED**
DIUROL
**PEER REVIEWED**
DIUROL 5030
**PEER REVIEWED**
DOMATOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
DOMATOL 88
**PEER REVIEWED**
ELMASIL
**PEER REVIEWED**
EMISOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
ENT 25445
**PEER REVIEWED**
FENAVAR
**PEER REVIEWED**
HERBIDAL TOTAL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Herbizole
**PEER REVIEWED**
RADOXONE TL
**PEER REVIEWED**
RAMIZOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
SOLUTION CONCENTREE T271
**PEER REVIEWED**
TRIAZOLAMINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-3-AMINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
S-TRIAZOLE, 3-AMINO**PEER REVIEWED**
USAF XR-22
**PEER REVIEWED**
VOROX
**PEER REVIEWED**
Weedar AT
**PEER REVIEWED**
Weedazin
**PEER REVIEWED**
WEEDAZOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Weedex granulat
**PEER REVIEWED**
WEEDOCLOR
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
AMIZINE IS TRADE NAME FOR MIXT OF AMITROLE & SIMAZINE ... &
FENAMINE REFERS TO COMBINATION OF AMITROLE, FENAC & ATRAZINE.
...
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 379]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... KLEER-LOT (MIXT OF AMITROLE & LINURON) ... .
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed
Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 18]**PEER REVIEWED**
AMINO TRIAZOLE WEEDKILLER 90 IS DRY SOL POWD FORMULATION
CONTAINING 90% ACTIVE INGREDIENT. CYTROL AMITROLE-T LIQ
WEEDKILLER IS WATER SOL FORMULATION CONTAINING 2 LB AMINO
TRIAZOLE PLUS 19% AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE/GAL.
[AMERICAN CYANAMID CO TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON AMINO
TRIAZOLE WEEDKILLER 90]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pure, technical grades
[CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987 p.262]**PEER REVIEWED**
Amizine is a mixture of amitrole & princep; Diurol 5030 is amitrole with diuron;
Fenamine is amitrole with fenac & atrazine; Fenavar liq is amitrole with bromacil &
ammonium thiocyanate; Simazol is a mixture of simazine & amitrole; Ustilan NK,
Ustilan T, Ustinex are amitrole in combination with different herbicides. Farmco
Amizine-AA contains 320 g/1 amitrole, 320 g/1 atrazine; Farmco Amitrol-T is 250 g/1
amitrole, 220 g/1 ammonium thiocyanate. /Mixtures/
[FARM CHEM HDBK 1987 p.C-15]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Hazardous Waste Number:
U011; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or
manufacturing chemical intermediate.
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 2953
Last Revision Date: 20030829
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 02/06/1991
Update History:
Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted
Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/12/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/24/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/09/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/26/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/08/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/30/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/27/1992, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/28/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/10/1991, 69 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 27 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 07/06/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/23/1985
Created 19830401 by DS