Biology Final Review
Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance
Objectives
Describe how cell reproduction contributes to repair and to growth.
Contrast the two main ways that organisms reproduce.
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
Name the stages of the cell cycle and explain what happens during each stage.
Summarize the major events that occur during each phase of mitosis.
Explain how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells.
Compare benign and malignant tumors.
Explain how cancer treatments can work at the cellular level.
Describe how homologous chromosomes are alike and how they differ.
Contrast haploid and diploid cells.
Summarize the process of meiosis.
Key Terms
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
chromatin
chromosome
sister chromatid
centromere
cell cycle
interphase
mitotic phase
mitosis
cytokinesis
spindle
centrosome
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cell plate
benign tumor
malignant tumor
cancer
metastasis
meiosis
karyotype
homologous chromosome
sex chromosome
diploid
gamete
haploid
fertilization
zygote
tetrad
Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance
Objectives
Compare and contrast the blending hypothesis and the particulate hypothesis of inheritance.
Describe the methods Mendel used in his plant-breeding experiments.
Explain Mendel's principle of segregation.
Describe how probability applies to genetics.
Contrast genotype and phenotype.
Explain Mendel's principle of independent assortment.
Describe how alleles interact in intermediate inheritance.
Describe inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles.
Explain how polygenic inheritance can result in a wide range of phenotypes.
Describe how environmental conditions can affect phenotype expression.
Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance.
Explain how genetic linkage provides exceptions to Mendel's principle of independent
assortment.
Explain how sex-linked genes produce different inheritance patterns in males and females.
Explain why most sex-linked disorders are more common in males.
Key Terms
trait
genetics
cross-fertilization
hybrid
monohybrid cross
allele
homozygous
heterozygous
dominant
recessive
Punnett square
phenotype
genotype
testcross
dihybrid cross
intermediate inheritance
codominance
polygenic inheritance
chromosome theory of inheritance
gene locus
genetic linkage
sex-linked gene
Chapter 11 DNA and the Language of Life
Objectives
Describe Griffith's experiments and conclusion.
Describe Avery's experiments and conclusion.
Explain how experiments with viral DNA further supported Avery's conclusion.
Identify the building blocks of DNA.
Describe DNA's structure and the rules for base pairing in DNA.
Explain how the template mechanism is important in DNA replication.
Describe the process of DNA replication.
Explain the "one gene–one polypeptide" hypothesis.
Trace the information flow from DNA to protein.
Describe how amino acids are coded.
Describe the process of DNA transcription.
Explain how an RNA message is edited.
Describe how RNA is translated to a protein.
Summarize protein synthesis.
Describe the types of mutations that can affect genes.
Explain what can cause a mutation.
Key Terms
virus
bacteriophage
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleotide
nitrogenous base
pyrimidine
purine
double helix
DNA replication
DNA polymerase
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
transcription
translation
codon
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA polymerase
intron
exon
RNA splicing
transfer RNA (tRNA)
anticodon
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
mutation
mutagen
Chapter 33 Human body- Reproductive system
Objectives
Identify key female and male reproductive structures and their functions.
Compare and contrast egg cell and sperm cell development.
Key Terms
ovary
follicle
oviduct
uterus
cervix
vagina
testis
scrotum
epididymis
semen
vas deferens
penis
ovulation
ovum
menstrual cycle
menstruation
fertilization
placenta
fetus
menopause