AP Biology: Genetics Outline
Mr. J. Miller
Learning Objectives:
3.1 The student is able to construct scientific explanations that uses the structures and
mechanisms of DNA and RNA to support the claim that DNA and, in some cases, that RNA are
the primary sources of heritable information.
3.2 The student is able to justify the selection of data from historical investigations that support
the claim that DNA is the source of heritable information.
3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models illustrating how genetic
information is copied for transmission between generations.
3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the
passage of traits from parent to offspring.
3.13 The student is able to pose questions about ethical, social or medical issues surrounding
human genetic disorders.
3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of
inheritance provided by data sets.
3.15 The student is able to explain deviations from Mendel’s model of the inheritance of traits.
3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be
accounted for by Mendelian genetics.
3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance
patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel’s model of the inheritance of traits.
3.25 The student can create a visual representation to illustrate how changes in a DNA nucleotide
sequence can result in a change in the polypeptide produced.
Lesson Outline:
I.
Mendelian Genetics
A. Historical Perspectives
1. Early man’s beliefs
a. ancient Greek theories
b. Aristotle (300’s BC)
c. preformation
2.Blending Theory
3.Lamarck, John Baptiste (1744-1829)
4.Weisman, Friedrich – German biologist
5.Mendel – mid 1800’s
B. Basic Terminology
1.true-breeding
2.hybridization
3.dominant
4.recessive
5.allele
6.homozygous
7.heterozygous
8.carrier
9.phenotype
10.
genotype
11.
haploid
12.
diploid
13.
P, F1, F2
14.
testcross
C. Mendel’s First Law – Law of Segregation
1.Six possible crosses
2.Exceptions to Mendel’s first law
a. Incomplete Dominance
b. Co-dominance
i.
some traits have 3 alleles: Blood type ABO
ii. Hemoglobin – Sickle-cell anemia
c. Multiple Alleles
d. Lethal Genes
e. Multifactorial inheritance
f. Polygenic Traits
g. Pleiotropy
h. Epistasis (Labrador Retriever handout)
D. Probability and the Product Law
II.
III.
E. Mendel’s Second Law – Law of Independent Assortment
1.monohybrid crosses and ratios
2.dihybrid crosses and ratios
F. Sex Determination
1.X-Y system
2.X-O system (some insects)
3.Z-W system (birds, some fish and some insects)
4. haplo-dipoid system (bees and ants)
G. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1.X-Inactivation (Lyonization)
2.Sex- linked traits
H. Pedigrees
Gene Mapping and Linkage
A. Thomas Hunt Morgan – inquiry with Drosophilia
B. Crossovers
C. Mapping
Chromosomal Mutations
A. Non-disjunction
B. Deletions
C. Duplications
D. Inversions
E. Translocation
IV.
V.
VI.
DNA as the Genetic Material
A. Historical Perspectives
1.Friedrich Miescher (1869)
2.1914- Robert Feulgen
3.1928 – Frederick Griffith
B. Griffith Experiment (1928)
C. Avery Experiment (1944)
D. Hershey and Chase Experiment (1950’s)
E. Erwin Chargaff (1950)
F. Franklin and Wilkins
G. Watson and Crick
DNA Structure and Replication
A. Key structural features
B. Basic Principle of Replication
C. Meselson-Stahl Experiment
D. DNA Replication
1.Origin(s) of replication
2.replication fork
3.helicase
4.primase – adds RNA primer
5.DNA polymerases
6.leading vs lagging strands (continuous vs. discontinuous)
7.template vs. compliment
8.Okazaki Fragments
DNA Packaging
A. Histones
B. Nucleosomes