Name:__________________________________________________________ Period _________ Date _____________________
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
GENETICS
Mendel:
Mendel’s 2 laws of inheritance:
F1/F2 generation:
Punnett square:
Heredity:
Crossing-over:
Homozygous, heterozygous, hybrid, pure bred:
Dominant/recessive:
Genotype, phenotype, allele:
Haploid/diploid:
Co dominance:
Incomplete Dominance:
Sex-Linked (give an example):
Multiple allele traits:
Sex chromosomes: Male/Female
Karyotype (know how to read and analyze):
Be able to analyze blood types as co-dominant and multiple alleles
Be able to set up and complete a dihybrid Punnett square and analyze probability ratios for
genotype and phenotype.
Homologous/Non-homologous chromosomes
Mutations of gametes:
Deletion, inversion, translocation, non-disjunction
Are mutations good or bad? Or neutral?
How is Down’s syndrome caused?
Pedigree chart (know how to read and analyze):
DNA, RNA, & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Know differences and similarities between DNA and RNA
Monomer of nucleic acid:
Parts of a nucleotide:
Chargaff’s Rule:
Codon:
mRNA:
rRNA:
tRNA:
Know how to determine complimentary strands of RNA from DNA sequence Ex: ATTGCGATCGAT
Transcription:
Translation:
HISTORY OF LIFE
Spontaneous generation:
Biogenesis:
Redi’s experiments:
Pasteur’s experiments:
Spallanzani’s experiments:
Miller and Urey’s experiments:
Oparin’s beliefs:
Age of Earth:
Half-Life:
Isotope:
Be able to calculate half-life: If the half-life of (carbon 14-12) is 5,000 years old, how many halflives did carbon go through to be 15,000 years old. How much parent material is left over, how
much daughter material is left over?
Evolution of DNA/RNA-which came first?
Examples of Fossils:
First living organisms that exist today:
EVOLUTION
Darwin:
Were his ideas accepted at first?
Darwin’s trip on the Beagle:
Idea of a common ancestor:
Adaptation:
Natural Selection and the importance of genetic variation (peppered moth color):
Explain the peppered moth scenario in England during industrial revolution. What is industrial
melanism?
Homologous structures (explain) and how they can be proof of a common ancestor and show
similar DNA base patterns in different species that are related:
Analogous structures:
Vestigial structures: (give examples)
Gradualism:
Divergent Evolution:
Convergent Evolution:
Co evolution:
Speciation and how it can occur by geographic isolation (CA Salmander):
Lamarck-acquired characteristic theory
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium populations:
Know all formulas
Why we do the calculations
5 factors that exist in an evolving population (understand what they mean)
5 factors that do not exist in an evolving population, but exist hypothetically in a H-W equilibrium
population
If 36% of a dog population are recessive for white fur, what is the genotypic percentages of the
rest of the dominant genotypes for black fur AA and Aa? Show your work.
If 16% of a yellow bird population is recessive for yellow feathers, find the percentages of the 2
other genotypes for the dominant red feathers RR and Rr. Show your work.
BIOTECHNOLOGY (GENE TECHNOLOGY)
Genome:
Gene therapy:
Operon (lac operon example – when is it on/off):
Operator:
Repressor:
RNA Polymerase:
Genetically modified foods/animals:
-
How do we do this? Why is this important? Give examples of kinds of genetic
engineering
PCR:
Gel Electrophoresis:
Cloning:
Restriction Enzymes:
“Sticky ends”:
Recombinant DNA:
Plasmid:
Introns:
Exons:
Human Genome Project:
ECOLOGY
Ecology:
Population:
Ecosystem:
Habitat:
Niche:
Food chains/food webs:
Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers:
Relationships (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism):
Herbivore:
Carnivore:
Omnivore:
Detrivore:
Decomposer:
Understand trophic levels in a pyramid and how energy is transferred up each level and lost.
Water cycle:
How have humans impacted the carbon cycle:
Abiotic/Biotic factors:
Make a food chain and label all types of producers/consumers
Lady bug, grass, hawk, fox, bird