Chapter 4 Vocabulary
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6.
7.
Natural selection
Differential reproduction
Adaptation
Coevolution
Hybrid
Gene pool
Fitness
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14.
Niche
Generalist species
Specialist species
Resource partitioning
Evolutionary divergence
Speciation
Geographic isolation
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20.
Endemic species
Artificial selection
Genetic engineering
Reproductive isolation
Transgenic organisms
Biological evolution
Chapter 4 Questions (Your answers should be complete sentences)
1. Why is Earth a remarkable planet? Why is it uniquely suited for life as we know it?
2. How do scientists account for the development of life on Earth?
3. What is biological evolution by natural selection, and how can it account for the current diversity of organisms
on the Earth?
4. How can geologic processes, climate change, and catastrophes affect biological evolution?
5. What is an ecological niche, and how does it help a population adapt to changing environmental conditions?
6. How do extinction of species and formation of new species affect biodiversity?
7. How did we become such a powerful species in a short time?
8. Explain why a population’s ability to adapt to new environmental conditions through natural selection is limited
by its gene pool and how fast it can reproduce.
9. Why is a panda bear more prone to extinction than a raccoon?
10. Explain how a coastal wetland demonstrates resource partitioning.
11. Explain how geographic isolation can lead to speciation.
12. Differentiate between artificial selection and transgenic organisms.
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Chapter 6 Vocabulary
1. Phytoplankton
8. Abyssal zone
15. Benthic zone
2. Zooplankton
9. Coastal zone
16. Watershed
3. Nekton
10. Estuary
17. Oligotrophic lake
4. Benthos
11. Lake
18. Eutrophic lake
5. Decomposers
12. Littoral zone
19. Upwelling
6. Euphotic zone
13. Limnetic zone
20. Cultural eutrophication
7. Bathyal zone
14. Profundal zone
Chapter 6 Questions
1. List 3 examples of nekton organisms.
2. List 4 examples of benthic organisms.
3. List 4 environmental factors that determine the types and numbers of organisms found in various layers of the
aquatic life zones.
4. Why does the coastal zone have a high net primary productivity?
5. Why do deep-dwelling fish species reproduce slowly?
6. Describe 3 ecological services provided by marine ecosystems.
7. Describe 3 economic services provided by marine ecosystems.
8. Why are estuaries and coastal marshes some of the world’s most productive ecosystems?
9. List the important ecological and economical services provided by mangrove forests.
10. How are mangrove forests being destroyed?
11. Why are coral reefs vulnerable to damage (why fragile)?
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Why does the ocean floor contain more nutrients than the euphotic zone?
What is marine snow?
What is upwelling in the ocean? Why are upwellings important?
As we move from the equator to the poles we find more ocean life and an abundance of producers. We find
more producers in the cold, arctic waters than the warmer, tropical waters. Explain why?
List 4 major threats to coral reefs.
Describe 2 major human impacts on the world’s marine ecosystems.
Describe 4 ecological services provided by freshwater ecosystems.
Describe 3 economic services provided by freshwater ecosystems.
Describe 3 ways lakes are formed naturally.
Describe the 4 distinct zones of deep lakes: littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic.
Why is the littoral zone the most productive zone?
What is the significance of an overturn in a deep lake?
Differentiate between an oligotrophic lake and an eutrophic lake.
What is cultural eutrophication?
Define surface waters and watershed.
Why are streams in the source zone not very productive?
Why are coastal deltas and wetlands and inland floodplains important parts of the Earth’s natural capital?
Why must we focus on the watershed to protect a stream or a river?
What is the difference between a marsh and a swamp?
What is a seasonal wetland?
Describe 2 ecological services provided by inland wetlands.
Describe 2 economic services provided by inland wetlands.
How do the following human activities affect freshwater ecosystems:
a. Dams, diversions, and canals
b. Flood control levels and dikes
c. Cities and farmlands
35. What is happening to the inland wetlands of the U.S.?
36. List 4 factors in your lifestyle that contribute directly or indirectly to the destruction and degradation of coastal and
inland wetlands.
37. Why are some aquatic animals, especially marine mammals such as whales, extremely large compared with
terrestrial animals?
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Ch. 12 Vocabulary
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2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
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9.
Nile perch
Asian swamp eel
Purple loosestrife
Bycatch
Trawler fishing
Purse-seine fishing
Longlining
Driftnet fishing
Turtle exclusion device
(TED)
10. Commercial extinction
11. Exclusive economic zone
(EEZ)
12. Marine protected areas
13. Marine reserves
14. Integrated coastal
management
15. Maximum sustainable
yield (MSY)
16. Optimum sustainable yield
(OSY)
17. Precautionary principle
18. Mitigation banking
19. Comprehensive
Everglades Restoration
Plan
20. Zebra mussel
21. Sea lamprey
22. Quagga mussel
23. National Wild and Scenic
Rivers Act
Chapter 12 Questions
1. What are the 4 factors which caused the dramatic loss of aquatic biodiversity in Lake Victoria?
2. What were the social and economic effects of introducing the nile perch into Lake Victoria?
3.
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8.
Why is the Asian swamp eel a successful invader species in the waters of Florida? Be specific.
Explain how purple loosestrife is degrading our wetlands.
How is the U.S. fighting against the purple loosestrife?
Explain HIPPO as it relates to aquatic biodiversity.
Why are industrial fishing fleets so successful in harvesting marine fish?
Describe the following:
a. Trawler fishing
b. Purse-seine fishing
c. Longlining
d. Drift-net fishing
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Why is it difficult to protect aquatic biodiversity?
List reasons why marine sea turtles are threatened or endangered.
List reasons why the Florida manatee is threatened.
What is a TED? What is its importance?
What is the exclusive economic zone? What is its purpose?
Why has the MSY concept not worked well to sustainably manage marine fisheries? What are the options?
How are scientists using the precautionary principle for managing marine fisheries?
What is mitigation banking in relation to wetlands?
What is a wetland restoration bank? What is its purpose?
What are the goals of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan?
Identify 8 ways we can manage and sustain freshwater fisheries.